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Abstract

Three collectives of substances - plastics, plant nutrients, biotoxins - are candidates for monitoring programmes that could keep track of the quality of ocean waters for vital life processes. All three are not subject to systematic surveillance at present. They are each characterized by long residence times in the marine environment, by increasing influx, and by growing evidence of their deleterious impacts on living systems.     

焦化厂不同粒径土壤中PAHs的赋存特征

为分析典型焦化污染场地不同粒径土壤中PAHs的累积及其与土壤有机碳含量（TOC）、比表面积（SA）等土壤性质的相关性,对北京焦化厂长期受PAHs污染的土壤进行粒度分级[P1（0.5~1.0 mm）、P2（0.25~0.5 mm）、P3（0.15~0.25 mm）、P4（0.106~0.15 mm）、P5（0.075~0.106 mm）、P6（<0.075 mm）],测定了各粒径土壤的理化性质及土壤中USEPA优先控制的16种PAHs的浓度,探究PAHs在不同粒径土壤中的累积特征,并通过PAHs质量分数及土壤部分理化性质的曲线拟合结果分析PAHs的赋存特征。结果表明：各粒径土壤中16种PAHs均有检出,其最高质量分数大多出现在P1粒径土样,最低质量分数出现在 P4、P5中。各粒径土壤中2~3（低）环 PAHs、ΣPAHs16质量分数变化趋势相似,均为 P1>P2>P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),4（中）、5~6（高）环PAHs趋势类似,均为P1、P2>P3>P6>P4、P5(P<0.05)。比表面积（SA）、总有机碳（TOC）、可溶解性有机碳（DOC）与各类PAHs的质量分数呈现一定的相关性,各类PAHs质量分数随SA的增大呈先增大随后减小趋势,最大质量分数所对应的SA为38~41 m2·g-1,随TOC的增加呈先减小随后增大趋势,最小质量分数所对应的TOC为7.0~8.7 g·kg-1。不同粒径土壤颗粒中,基于污染物毒性当量因子（TEF）的等效质量分数与污染物实际质量分数变化趋势并不相同,ΣPAHs16实际质量分数变化趋势为P1>P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05),而其等效质量分数则为P1、P2、P3、P4、P6>P5(P<0.05)。     

硫化物测定的新的标准溶液──硫代乙酰胺

根据在盐酸羟胺存在下硫代乙酰胺（ＴＡ）能够与锌发生均相沉淀的理论,选用了硫代乙酰胺作为硫化物测定的标准溶液,并利用正交试验设计进一步探讨了最佳实验条件。此方法简单、准确、重现性好,线性范围为０～０．２ｍｇ／ＬＳ２－适合于各种水样的测定。     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱在正离子和负离子模式下检测水中的农药残留

使用固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱,在正离子和负离子模式下,分别分析了46个和14个农药化合物.无需衍生化,就能达到pg水平的分析灵敏度.对于所有农药的化合物,在5 pg-1 ng的范围内具有很好的线性.     

广州市城市森林土壤重金属污染状况及其评价

城市森林土壤能储淤城市环境中的重金属污染元素,影响土壤环境质量.文章对广州市的城市森林区域中土壤重金属的污染状况进行研究,应用单项污染元素指数和综合污染指数对广州市城市森林土壤进行环境质量评价,结果表明:广州市机场高速林带林区土壤中As、Pb、Cd三重金属污染元素超标,广深铁路林带林区土壤中Cd重金属元素超标, 其他各林区严格控制环境重金属污染物未超标;帽峰山森林公园土壤重金属综合污染指数最低,表明森林群落对重金属污染元素的消减作用明显.土壤酶活性可以表征森林土壤中重金属污染状况,森林土壤中As、Cu、Zn含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关性;对可能影响城市森林土壤重金属含量因素的10个因子进行主成分分析,建立了城市森林土壤环境质量评价综合模型.     

两种生物农药对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响

采集海南省儋州市国家热带农业高新技术示范园土样中农田土样,在分析土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定法.研究了不同模拟条件下苏云金杆菌、井冈霉素A对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同浓度、pH条件下这两种生物农药对土壤蔗糖酶表现出不同程度的激活作用.在30 d的培养时间内,苏云金杆菌(bacillus thuringiensis)对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响的趋势是激活→抑制→恢复,而且波动范围较大;井岗霉素A(jinggangmycin A)对土壤蔗糖酶活性影响程度相对较小,总的趋势是激活→抑制.总体来看,施用这两种生物农药有利于提高土壤蔗糖酶的活性.     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing methanol in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape.     

广州帽峰山林区空气负离子动态及与环境因子的关系

采用定位连续观测方法,研究了广州帽峰山森林公园负离子含量近5年的年、季、月变化及不同天气的变化规律,并以此对帽峰山森林公园的空气质量进行了计量评价.分析了空气负离子含量与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:林区不同观测区的负离子含量差异较大,山下瀑布空间负离子含量最高.平均水平达达2l 729 ions.cm-3;林内负离子含量年间及月间变化不大,沟谷小溪和山中部瀑布空间由于人为干扰,负离子含量年动态呈现降低趋势,山下瀑布空间年负离子含量维持在20000 iotis·cm-3左右;负离子含量的季节差异显著,春夏季大于冬秋季,夏季最高、冬季最低.空气质量评价系数CI的最低在2月份、最高在8月份.不同天气条件下负离子含量大小顺序为下雨>晴天>阴天.负离子含量与空气温度呈正相关,与空气湿度呈正相关.与空气气压呈负相关.     

我国海洋自然保护区面临的主要问题及管理策略

我国海洋自然保护区的建立,在保护海洋环境、物种资源,维护海洋生态平衡等方面起了重要作用;然而海洋自然保护区建设管理工作起步较晚、基础薄弱、保护区的管理正处于摸索阶段,还存在一些问题.文章提出了目前我国海洋自然保护区在管理体制、总体布局规划、经费投入、法律法规以及科研工作方面存在的主要问题,并根据这些问题提出相应解决的管理策略.