Insights into pH-dependent transformation of gibberellic acid in aqueous solution: Transformation pathway, mechanism and toxicity estimation

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is widely used in agriculture and maybe transfer with groundwater flow, which is an endocrine disruptor, but few studies have focused on the transformation pathway and toxicity assessment of GA₃ and its products. Here, GA₃ and its transformation products in aqueous solution were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (LCMS?IT?TOF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results showed that the half-life of GA₃ transformation in ultrapure water was 16.1–24.6 days at pH=2.0–8.0, with the lowest half-life occurring at pH=8.0 and highest half-life occurring at pH=3.3. Isomerized gibberellic acid (Iso-GA₃) and gibberellenic acid (GEA) were the main transformation products with a little hydroxy gibberellic acid (OH-GA₃). In North China groundwater, the mass balance of GA₃ and its products was 76.2%, including Iso-GA₃ (58%), GEA (7.9%), GA₃ (7.3%) and OH-GA₃ (3%) after reaching transformation equilibrium. Using Gaussian 09 for chemical computation, it was found that the transformation mechanism of GA₃ was dependent upon the bond energy and the stereochemical feature of its molecular structure. GA₃ always isomerized from the γ-lactone ring due to the lowest bond energy between the oxygen terminus of the γ-lactone ring and A ring. While GA₃ and its transformation products all had developmental toxicity, the predicated LC₅₀ (96 hr) and LD₅₀ of the main products of GA₃ were much lower than those of GA₃, indicating GA₃ would be transformed into higher toxicity derivatives in water environments, posing a significant health risk to humans and the environment.     

中国反食物浪费监测与评估体系建设

《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的颁布与实施,标志着中国的食物浪费从理论研究转向实践应用。为了推动食物浪费的减量,亟需构建覆盖全国的、系统性的监测和评估体系并实现食物浪费的定量监测与评估。本文面向《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》实施过程政府及社会中各界的主要关切,通过系统梳理国内外食物浪费的相关研究,辨析了食物浪费的定义及主要演变,论述了全球食物浪费监测与评估情况。在此基础上,本文重点分析了中国食物浪费监测与评估进展,提出了通过餐厨垃圾,将食物浪费从传统概念向广义概念延伸的理念,并提出了适合中国国情的反食品浪费监测与评估指标。本文旨在为中国相关政府部门开展食物浪费的监测和评估提供科学参考,从而为全球可持续发展目标12.3的实现提供借鉴。     

Mercury release behaviors of Guizhou bituminous coal during co-pyrolysis: Influence of chlorella

Co-pyrolysis of coal and seaweed can not only effectively decrease the carbon footprint but also improve the quality and output of coal pyrolysis products, however, the influence of seaweed on thermal releasing behaviors of mercury during co-pyrolysis process are still unclear. In this work, the chlorella and Guizhou bituminous coal were mixed and used to reveal the mercury release behavior during co-pyrolysis by the temperature programmed pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) and thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) methods, offering a sufficient explanation on the control technology of mercury pollutants in co-pyrolysis. The results exhibited that a large amount of reducing gases such as CO, H₂ and H₂O were generated in chlorella at the temperature range of 100-500°C, which was favorable for the transformation from oxidized mercury to elemental mercury, thus remarkably increased the release of elemental mercury in the raw coal sample. The mixed chlorella also significantly lowered the decomposition temperature range (from 400-600 to 300-400°C) of pyrite-bound mercury and decreased the decomposition temperatures of the pyrite-bound mercury species. Additionally, in the co-pyrolysis about 91.82% of mercury was released into the gas phase below 400°C and was 13.77% higher than that of in individual pyrolysis of coal.     

黄、东海二甲基硫与环境因子的多元分析及建模

基于已发表的2005~2015年的文献数据,讨论了黄、东海表层二甲基硫（DMS）和叶绿素a （Chl-a）浓度的时空变化.结果表明：夏季DMS和Chl-a浓度高于冬季;由南至北,年均DMS和Chl-a浓度逐渐升高,且四季间的差异变大.黄、东海表层海水DMS和Chl-a、温度的统计分析表明,春、夏季Chl-a和DMS浓度存在指数关系,而冬季Chl-a和DMS浓度则存在线性关系;不同Chl-a水平下,温度对DMS浓度的影响存在差异.黄、东海表层DMS浓度与Chl-a浓度及温度的多元统计模型结果显示：DMS浓度随着Chl-a浓度增加而增加;在中心温度为21.31℃的温度区间内,DMS浓度较高,且Chl-a浓度越高,这个温度区间越窄.     

巢湖水域四溴双酚A的多介质迁移与归趋模拟

运用Ⅲ级逸度模型,模拟并研究了不同水动力条件下四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖水-沉积物系统中各环境相的浓度、储量以及相间的迁移通量.结果表明：TBBPA在水相、再悬浮颗粒相和沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性,并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模拟关键参数.当系统达到平衡时,沉积物是TBBPA最大的储库（占系统总储量86%以上）.同时,由于较强的水动力条件会改变系统再悬浮特征以及降解半衰期等关键参数,进而降低了各环境相中TBBPA的浓度值,增加了水相和再悬浮颗粒相中的储量比例,并增加了水体-再悬浮颗粒、沉积物-再悬浮颗粒的相间交换通量.此外,TBBPA在巢湖水-沉积物系统中损失的主要途径为沉积物相的降解（占入湖总量87%以上）.     

我国PM2.5与臭氧污染协同控制策略研究

近年来,我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化,PM_2.5与臭氧（O₃）成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要空气污染物,二者协同控制已成为我国空气质量改善的焦点和打赢蓝天保卫战的关键.PM_2.5与臭氧之间具有复杂的关联性,使得二者的协同控制具有复杂性与艰巨性.分析了PM_2.5与臭氧成因的关联性及其相互影响,阐明了PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制所涉及的重要科学问题,并在此基础上研究了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧的污染形势及二者的关联性,梳理了我国自2013年以来在PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制中已采取的重要举措,论述了目前我国PM_2.5与臭氧协同控制在科学与管理上所面临的挑战.结合对国外成功经验的分析,提出推进我国PM_2.5与臭氧污染协同控制工作的相关建议:①加快监测能力建设,完善管理体系;②强化科技支撑,提高PM_2.5与臭氧污染控制精准性;③加快构建VOCs与NO_x治理技术体系;④加大VOCs与NO_x的协同减排力度,保障减排方案落实到位.      

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

基于灾害风险理论的岩溶区建设项目地下水污染风险评价

为研究岩溶地区建设项目的地下水污染风险,引入灾害风险理论确定地下水污染风险是由地下水脆弱性和建设项目污染负荷危险性两方面共同决定,并构建了地下水污染风险指标体系。采用模糊层次分析法确定各指标权重,选择TOPSIS模型进行脆弱性和危险性等级的判断,最后依据风险等级分区矩阵确定地下水污染风险评价等级。以贵州西北地区某火电厂项目进行地下水污染风险评价实例应用,结果表明该项目地下水污染风险等级为"较高",主要因素为该地区地下水含水层脆弱性"较高",评价结果符合实际,具有一定应用价值。     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

武汉市湖泊侵占现状分析与洪涝灾害

湖泊是集提供水源、补充地下水、调节径流、抵御洪涝灾害、改善微小气候等功能为一体的重要水域,是湿地的重要组成部分。分析武汉市湖泊侵占与洪涝灾害现状发现,武汉市湖泊侵占现状严重,面积锐减,从而影响了湖泊在防洪排涝体系中的重要作用,是造成了武汉市历年遭受特大洪涝灾害的原因之一。2016年的洪涝灾害应该进一步敲醒警钟,保护武汉市湖泊资源迫在眉睫。为政府决策部门、职能部门、科研机构保护武汉市湖泊资源提供依据。