固体废物相关概念的基本特点

固体废物法对废物的一些概念进行了定义,在固体废物环境管理当中,对这些概念缺乏深入认识,导致在实际管理中对固体废物和危险废物的调查、认定、统计、管理、预测、设施建设等一系列与废物相关的行动出现偏差甚至不准确。对固体废物、危险废物以及废物利用、处置、贮存、排放等概念包含的内容进行了研究,提出了一些新的认识观点。     

RuO2/La2O3/TiO2悬浮体系中直接耐晒黑G的光催化降解

钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备RuO2/La2O3/TiO2复合光催化剂,以紫外灯为光源,研究了催化剂组成、煅烧温度、溶液pH值等因素对直接耐晒黑G(DFBG)光催化降解的影响.结果表明掺杂量w(La2O3)1.39%、w(RuO2)0.12%、煅烧温度500℃(2 h)、溶液pH值7.3时,光催化活性最佳.当通气量为200 mL/min,催化剂投加量为150mg时,50 mg/L的DFBG溶液经60 min降解,其降解率近100%.DFBG的光催化降解服从Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,测得相应的动力学参数k=7.42×10-3mmol/L·min,K=19.54 L/mmol.     

次氯酸钠处理终冷水中氰化物硫化物的研究

以次氯酸钠为氧化剂,用正交实验研究了次氯酸钠处理终冷水中氰化物和硫化物,得出正交实验中各因素的主次关系及对除氰除硫的影响。研究结果表明,反应体系的pH是影响脱氰脱硫的重要因素。在最佳处理条件,即pH为10．0,反应温度为25℃,投氯量系数为1．4,反应时间为45min．能使氰化物的质量浓度降至0．267mg／L,脱氰率高达99．8％,硫化物的质量浓度降到0．387mg／L,脱硫率达92．0％,达到≤0．5mg／L的国家排放标准。文章还对工业化提出了一些设想。     

微波催化氧化法处理富马酸废水

在活性炭与Fenton试剂存在下,用微波辐射处理多次铁碳微电解处理后的富马酸废水,通过单因素和正交实验对影响因素进行了考察。在100mL水样中,活性炭用量为1．0g、双氧水用量为1．0mL、废水pH为3、微波加热时间为10min、辐射功率为350W的条件下,可以使富马酸废水的COD从300mg／L降至96．6mg／L。     

用动力波逆向喷射洗涤器脱除烟气中的二氧化硫

介绍了动力波逆向喷射洗涤器的构造及基本原理,并将这一新型洗涤技术应用于烟气脱硫。讨论了各种因素对采用石灰水作为洗涤液时的烟气脱硫率的影响,在pH为9．2、液气比为0．024条件下,脱硫率可达到90％。     

有机磷农药生物降解技术研究进展

有机磷农药是目前国内外使用较多的化学农药,对人、畜均有毒性。长期以来,人们努力寻找降解有机磷农药的方法,以去除其对人类生活的不利影响。对现有的有机磷农药种类、毒性、生物降解技术以及现有成果进行了系统的归纳和总结,并对有机磷农药生物降解的进一步研究提出了建议。     

中美新化学物质管理制度的比较

简要叙述了中美两国新化学物质管理的基本情况,分别从管理原则、管理范围、管理具体要求、申报种类、评审程序、监督管理等方面重点论述了中美新化学物质管理制度的特点。通过借鉴美国新化学物质管理的优点及经验,提出了强化和完善中国新化学物质管理制度的对策。     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Blowing Smoke in Yellowstone: Air Quality Impacts of Oversnow Motorized Recreation in the Park

Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002–2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.     

Estimating Forest Ecosystem Evapotranspiration at Multiple Temporal Scales With a Dimension Analysis Approach1

Abstract:  It is critical that evapotranspiration (ET) be quantified accurately so that scientists can evaluate the effects of land management and global change on water availability, streamflow, nutrient and sediment loading, and ecosystem productivity in watersheds. The objective of this study was to derive a new semi‐empirical ET modeled using a dimension analysis method that could be used to estimate forest ET effectively at multiple temporal scales. The model developed describes ET as a function of water availability for evaporation and transpiration, potential ET demand, air humidity, and land surface characteristics. The model was tested with long‐term hydrometeorological data from five research sites with distinct forest hydrology in the United States and China. Averaged simulation error for daily ET was within 0.5 mm/day. The annual ET at each of the five study sites were within 7% of measured values. Results suggest that the model can accurately capture the temporal dynamics of ET in forest ecosystems at daily, monthly, and annual scales. The model is climate‐driven and is sensitive to topography and vegetation characteristics and thus has potential to be used to examine the compounding hydrologic responses to land cover and climate changes at multiple temporal scales.