大通河流域土壤细菌及氮循环功能菌群沿海拔的空间分布

探究土壤微生物的海拔分布格局及其驱动机制对理解气候变化下陆地生态系统的响应至关重要.土壤微生物群落的海拔分布格局随空间尺度有所差异,为此分别沿大通河流域干流流向（海拔梯度1 000 m）和山体坡面（海拔梯度500 m）设置了两种空间尺度的样带,利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构和多样性沿海拔的分布特征,基于FAPROTAX数据库分析氮循环功能类群的海拔分布,探讨驱动土壤细菌群落沿海拔分布的关键环境因子.结果表明:①土壤理化性质沿海拔分布有显著差异,总氮（TN）和硝态氮（NO₃ ^-）含量与海拔正相关（P < 0.01）,土壤容重（BD）、pH与海拔负相关（P < 0.001）;②细菌群落OTU丰度沿海拔升高显著增大（P < 0.01）,丰富度和多样性指数沿海拔增大,但趋势不显著（P > 0.05）;③细菌群落以酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为优势门,其相对丰度随海拔升高分别增加、减小和微弱减小;④参与氮循环的功能类群共13种,以硝化作用、好氧氨氧化和好氧亚硝酸盐氧化作用为主,随海拔升高响应规律不同,其中硝化作用细菌丰度显著增加（P < 0.01）,好氧氨氧化和硝酸还原细菌丰度微弱增加,而参与含氮化合物异化还原的细菌丰度先增后减;⑤冗余分析表明海拔（ELEV）、pH和氨氮（NH₄ ⁺）是驱动门水平土壤细菌群落的主要因子,Mantel分析表明土壤细菌氮循环优势类群均受海拔驱动（P < 0.01）.⑥流域和坡面尺度上细菌群落α-多样性沿海拔的规律一致,但土壤性质、氮循环功能菌群丰度和主要环境影响因子均不同.因此从不同空间尺度探究土壤微生物的海拔分布格局具有重要意义.     

混合重金属对硝化颗粒污泥毒性作用的析因实验研究

分别测定了Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对硝化颗粒污泥的单一毒性,采用析因实验研究了二元和三元重金属混合体系对硝化颗粒污泥的联合毒性.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 的2 h半抑制浓度EC50分别为95.23、62.11和12.48 mg/L,由析因实验所得的响应曲面模型具有较好的优度(其R2＞0.95),能够对混合体系的联合毒性很好地进行预测,析因实验可以用于环境领域混合体系联合毒性的研究.     

味精浓废水生物处理优化工艺

本文阐述两相厌氧消化法与缺氧—厌氧消化法处理味精浓废水的比较试验.进水为6×10~4mg/L～8×10~4mg/L时,两相厌氧消化法COD去除率为78%,产气率为0.15m~3/kgCOD,CH_4含量为50%.缺氧—厌氧消化法COD去除率为82.2%,产气率为0.23m~3/kgCOD,CH.含量达65%.两种方法均可使出水pH值由3.2上升至7.0以上.氯离子和氨氮的去除不明显.综合上述结果与运行管理的稳定程度均是缺氧——厌氧消化法优于两相厌氧消化法.     

对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附特性1

研究了沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚的作用机理及影响因素.结果表明,对硝基苯酚在沉积物上的吸附由其中的有机质含量和结构决定,体系的pH值对对硝基苯酚的吸附有较大的影响,其主要原因是体系的pH值控制着沉积物中有机质的溶出量.在实验浓度范围内,分配作用在沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚中占主导地位.     

An updated scheme of imposex for<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cantharus cecillei</Emphasis> (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) and a new mechanism leading to the sterilization of imposex-affected females

The morphological expressions of imposex in gastropods have been classified into seven stages (S₀–S₆) with three types (a, b and c). This typical imposex scheme, however, fails to cover some new findings such as specimens with the proximal vas deferens section passing by the vaginal opening (VDSP) and aborted egg capsules. In the present study, Cantharus cecillei was sampled from the coastal waters of China from May to November in 2003. This species showed all the morphological expressions in the typical imposex scheme with the exception of S_1b and S_2b. In addition, specimens with VDSP occurred in all stages other than stage 4, and were documented for the first time with scanning electron micrographs or in histological sections. Besides VDSP, which was observed exteriorly, excrescent tissue, e.g. the vas deferens, also originated in the ventral channel or the inner wall of the pallial oviduct was extruded. Based on these new findings, the typical imposex scheme was modified to obtain one valid for C. cecillei. Types a*, b* and c* were added as new types corresponding to types a, b and c, respectively. S_4* was also rearranged to correspond to S₄; S_4*, thus, no longer represented the end of imposex development. The updated scheme was not only valid for describing diverse expressions of imposex development in C. cecillei and Nassarius reticulatus, but could also be generalized to define various forms of VDSP in other species. Histological observation indicated that egg capsules would be blocked by the tissues of the vas deferens section or the extrusion of the pallial oviduct wall. This new mechanism, leading to the sterilization of imposex-affected females, was first conclusively revealed and described in the present scheme.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha(-1) for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha(-1), in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha(-1), distributed as 1.16 kg ha(-1) in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

几种植物源农药对环境生物的毒性

测定了几种植物源农药对几种环境生物的急性毒性.结果表明:不同植物源农药对同一种环境生物的毒性差异很大,同一种植物源农药对不同的环境生物毒性也不同;说明并非所有的植物源农药都是安全的.表4参5     

Distribution of quinolone and macrolide resistance genes and their co-occurrence with heavy metal resistance genes in vegetable soils with long-term application of manure

The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become an increasingly serious global public health issue. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ARB and ARGs in greenhouse vegetable soils with long-term application of manure. Five typical ARGs, four heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs), and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The amount of ARB in manure-improved soil greatly exceeded that in control soil, and the bacterial resistance rate decreased significantly with increases in antibiotic concentrations. In addition, the resistance rate of ARB to enrofloxacin (ENR) was lower than that of tylosin (TYL). Real-time qPCR results showed that long-term application of manure enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in vegetable soils, and the content and proportion of quinolone resistance genes were higher than those of macrolide resistance genes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that qepA and qnrS significantly correlated with total and available amounts of Cu and Zn, highlighting that certain heavy metals can influence persistence of ARGs. Integrase gene intI1 correlated significantly with the relative abundance of qepA, qnrS, and ermF, suggesting that intI1 played an important role in the horizontal transfer of ARGs. Furthermore, there was a weakly but not significantly positive correlation between specific detected MRGs and ARGs and MGEs. The results of this study enhance understanding the potential for increasing ARGs in manure-applied soil, assessing ecological risk and reducing the spread of ARGs.

Graphic abstract