河流表层沉积物活体毒性甄别和毒性因子初探

本文选择辽河流域6个支流表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用2种底栖生物(摇蚊幼虫和河蚬)活体毒性测试方法评价了辽河流域表层沉积物毒性.研究结果显示,所有表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫有毒性效应,显著降低了摇蚊幼虫的存活率(p<0.05);河蚬存活率有所降低,但差异不显著.沉积物活体毒性甄别结果发现,长沟子以有机物污染为主,付家窝堡和柴河以重金属污染为主,一统河和潮沟河以有机物和氨氮污染为主,而柳河以重金属和氨氮污染为主.综上所述,沉积物活体毒性甄别方法能有效甄别致毒污染物类别,同时表明不同种类底栖生物对沉积物毒性存在敏感性差异.     

官厅水库和永定河沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药的污染

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)方法对官厅水库-永定河流域沉积物中26种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物和13种有机氯农药进行了分析测定,在4个采样点均检出多氯联苯和部分有机氯农药.其中PCBs和有机氯农药总量的最高点均出现在永定河下游的三家店,分别为9.7ng*g-1和26.7ng*g-1,按照国际关于沉积物质量的同类研究结果,判定为轻度污染水平.HCH最高仅为4.50ng*g-1,属轻度污染,DDT浓度以八号桥和三家店样点最高,分别为23.2ng*g-1和26.7ng*g-1,属中度污染.有机氯农药总量分布为三家店＞八号桥＞官厅大坝＞雁翅,表明永定河下游多氯联苯和有机氯农药不仅来自官厅上游,也来自下游地区.     

辽河表层沉积物重金属生态风险与综合毒性表征

采用ICP-MS测定了辽河26个支流表层沉积物间隙水中7种重金属(Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As、Cd)的含量,并应用间隙水毒性基准单位(IWCTU)和Nemeraw指数(NI)对间隙水重金属生态风险进行了评价;同时利用摇蚊幼虫活体生物毒性测试方法评估了辽河流域26个支流表层沉积物的综合毒性。研究结果显示,辽河支流表层沉积物间隙水7种重金属平均含量为:Pb 3.92μg·L-1,Cu 5.73μg·L-1,Cr 7.21μg·L-1,Zn 4.33μg·L-1,Ni 4.48μg·L-1,As 5.89μg·L-1,Cd 0.29μg·L-1,根据IWCTU值和NI值,柴河、养息牧、亮子河、凡河、付家窝堡、接官厅具有潜在的生态风险;综合毒性表征结果表明,柴河、长沟子河、付家窝堡、柳河、一统河、潮沟河表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫具有较高毒性。结合重金属毒性和综合毒性分析,认为辽河流域支流表层沉积物毒性应该是由复合污染形成,而不仅仅是重金属污染。     

稀有鮈鲫细胞凋亡相关基因的克隆及序列分析

细胞凋亡是调控机体发育和维护内环境稳定的重要机制。在克隆了稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)肝脏组织中凋亡相关的bcl-2、apaf-1、caspase-3和caspase-9基因的部分cDNA片段之后,进行了序列分析。结果表明,caspase-3和caspase-9基因片段与唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)相对应的核苷酸序列同源性最高,而bcl-2、apaf-1基因片段则分别与鮈鱼(Gobio gobio)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)相对应的核苷酸序列同源性最高,为99%和89%。基于稀有鮈鲫和已知物种的caspase-3基因核苷酸序列构建了系统发育树,发现稀有鮈鲫与唐鱼、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的亲缘关系最近,而与金头鲷(Sparus aurata)、红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)的亲缘关系较远。本研究为深入理解外源性化学物质对鱼类的毒理学机制及其生态健康风险评价提供科学数据,同时也为稀有鮈鲫在鲤科鱼类的分类及进化地位的研究提供分子水平的重要参考。     

美国水环境质量报告及对中国的启示

中国和美国对水环境质量的评价方法有本质不同,因此得出的评估结论有十分显著的差别。所谓“他山之石可以攻玉”,了解其他国家水环境质量评价方法、评价指标和评价结论并与我们目前的评价框架结构和结论进行比较,有助于我们认清形势、发现差距、适当调整水环境/水生态保护策略。
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Biomarker responses and reproductive toxicity of the effluent from a Chinese large sewage treatment plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of the effluent from a large sewage treatment plant (GBD-STP) in Beijing. Japanese medakas (Oryzias latipes) at reproduction active period were exposed to a serial of graded concentrations of the effluent or 100 ng l-1 of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, positive control). Growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), reproductive success, induction potency of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish and that of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity (EROD) in male fish liver were used as test endpoints. The growth suppression of fish was observed in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significant differences in both body length and body weight of medaka above 5% effluent. This effluent can inhibit the growth of gonad of medakas and are more sensitive to male than to female. At exposure concentration of 40% and higher, there was an unexpected decrease of HSI values, which may be resulted from sub-lethal toxicity of effluent to fish liver. VTG of plasma in males were induced in all exposure concentration levels, but not in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 5% effluent would be the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) affecting reproductive success when examining fertile individuals, fecundity and fertilization rate. The overt CYP1A response and higher reproductive toxicity may be indicative of low process efficiency of this STP.     

Persistent organic pollutants in water and surface sediments of Taihu Lake,China and risk assessment

Organic pollutants, especially persistent organic pollutants were examined in the water and surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China. Both 12 water and 12 sediment samples were collected over the lake. C-18 solid-phase extraction technique was applied to extract organic pollutants in collected water samples. Soxhlet extraction procedure was used to extract organic pollutants in sediment samples. The analysis was performed by GC-MS controlled by a Hewlett Packard chemstation. Two hundred and seventy-three kinds of organic chemicals in water were examined, 200 more than that detected in 1985; 188 kinds of chemicals in sediments were detected as well. Among them 21 kinds of chemicals belong to priority pollutants as well as 17 kinds to be the endocrine disruptors. The concentrations of the pollutants were more than 2 times higher than that in 1985. The possible source and relation to anthropogenic activity were discussed.     

Role of interaction between selenium and organic matters on causes of Kaschin-Beck disease

Influences of organic matters of soil and water on speciation and biological utilization of selenium are discussed. Humic acid is found to be the main pool of selenium in soil and affects the bio-availability of the element in soil-plant system. Fulvic acid from drinking water inhibits the absorption of selenium taken from diet. The relationship between high content of organic matters of water and selenium deficiency on the causes of KBD could be reflected in the limited synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, which is generally stimulated by fulvic acid from drinking water.     

外源稀土微肥对土壤氮磷养分的影响

通过小区试验和盆栽试验，研究了施加不同的浓度稀土微肥对土壤中有效氮、有效磷浓度以及土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明，施加高浓度稀土微肥将会影响土壤中有效氮和有效磷的浓度。在分析与之相关的土壤酶活性时发现，施加低浓度的稀土微肥（≤１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）促进土壤脲酶活性并增加土壤有效氮浓度，而施加高浓度稀土微肥（≥５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）则明显的抑制土壤脲酶活性并减少土壤有效氮浓度；施加稀土元素浓度与土壤有效磷浓度之间有较     

利用日本青鳉早期发育阶段暴露评估排水的急、慢性毒性和内分泌干扰效应

提出一套利用日本青鳉胚胎-幼鱼阶段生长、形态学改变和雌雄比例变化的指标体系评价排水的毒性和内分泌干扰效应的方法.该方法属于活体动物的短期和部分生命阶段暴露测试,整个实验周期为21 d,测试过程不依赖复杂的仪器设备,操作简单、成本低.通过在北京市污水、工业废水及其经过生物处理后的排水进行测试,表明其能够比较准确判断排水中是否存在急性毒性、致畸和内分泌干扰效应物质.将其应用于评价不同深度处理工艺出水毒性效果,结果表明反渗透工艺能够去除大部分毒性物质.