城市生态气象监测评估初步研究与实践——以北京为例

气象条件作为影响生态系统最活跃、最直接的驱动因子,影响着生态系统的质量和人类生存的环境,关系着生态保护和建设的成果,而城市生态系统具有与其他系统不一样的气候特征,目前还未形成一套有关城市的生态气象监测评估方法。基于生态气象学理论,分别从城市气候环境、与气候相关的陆表环境、大气环境、人居环境以及城市高影响天气气候事件等5个方面选择不同的要素和指标开展了城市生态气象监测评估初步研究,并以北京为例,利用2018年国家和区域自动气象站资料、大气成分观测资料、2002—2018年MODIS卫星资料、Landsat及环境一号卫星资料,开展了2018年北京城市生态气象监测评估。监测评估显示,(1)2018年北京城市“热岛”和“干岛”气候特征明显,并在北京二环与五环之间存在一个“冂”形风速低值区。(2)2018年北京陆表生态环境、大气环境、人居环境进一步好转:其中植被覆盖度达61.6%,创2002年以来新高,气象条件贡献率达50%,生态涵养区植被生态质量处于正常偏好的面积比例达93.2%;中心城区陆表温度为2011年以来最低值;重要水源地密云水库、官厅水库水体面积均为2000年以来最大值;气溶胶光学厚度、霾日数、大气静稳指数分别较过去4年平均值下降14%、31%和8%,大气扩散条件偏好,对霾日减少贡献率达21%,外地污染传输对PM2.5贡献达到53%;城市生态冷源较2013年明显增加,城市“热岛”得到缓解。(3)历史罕见的夏季高温闷热、冬季阶段低温、极端强降水以及持续无降水等高影响天气气候事件给城市安全运行和生态环境带来不利影响。综合评估表明2018年北京气象条件总体利于陆表生态环境改善,有利的气候条件提高了生态环境的质量,但城市生态质量仍面临着极端天气气候事件、城市热岛、低风速以及外来大气污染输送等风险。     

Derivation of a GIS-based watershed-scale conceptual model for the St. Jones River Delaware from habitat-scale conceptual models

Conceptual modeling is a useful tool for identifying pathways between drivers, stressors, Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs), and services that are central to understanding how an ecosystem operates. The St. Jones River watershed, DE is a complex ecosystem, and because management decisions must include ecological, social, political, and economic considerations, a conceptual model is a good tool for accommodating the full range of inputs. In 2002, a Four-Component, Level 1 conceptual model was formed for the key habitats of the St. Jones River watershed, but since the habitat level of resolution is too fine for some important watershed-scale issues we developed a functional watershed-scale model using the existing narrowed habitat-scale models. The narrowed habitat-scale conceptual models and associated matrices developed by Reiter et al. (2006) were combined with data from the 2002 land use/land cover (LULC) GIS-based maps of Kent County in Delaware to assemble a diagrammatic and numerical watershed-scale conceptual model incorporating the calculated weight of each habitat within the watershed. The numerical component of the assembled watershed model was subsequently subjected to the same Monte Carlo narrowing methodology used for the habitat versions to refine the diagrammatic component of the watershed-scale model. The narrowed numerical representation of the model was used to generate forecasts for changes in the parameters “Agriculture” and “Forest”, showing that land use changes in these habitats propagated through the results of the model by the weighting factor. Also, the narrowed watershed-scale conceptual model identified some key parameters upon which to focus research attention and management decisions at the watershed scale. The forecast and simulation results seemed to indicate that the watershed-scale conceptual model does lead to different conclusions than the habitat-scale conceptual models for some issues at the larger watershed scale.     

除草剂拉索对地下水影响研究

研究了除草剂拉索在滨海冲积沙壤中的残留及其对浅层地下水的影响，并用ＰＲＺＭ模型进行计算机模拟。两年连续试验结果表明，拉索在施药区内的浅层地下水中均有检出。在施药区外１０ｍ处，施药６０ｄ后亦有检出。降雨对其移动影响显。拉索在土壤中残留动态的田间测定结果与计算机模拟基本一致。根据现有结果认为，拉索可在我国使用，但使用地区应作适当限制。     

简析近年噪声环境影响评价中出现的错误预测模式

分析了环评中噪声源置于厂房内预测厂区内外噪声的错误模式,指出这些模式只能计算出不反映实际声场分布的同心族圆的等声级线,对环评工作毫无意义.其根本错误在于将壳体组合结构的整体隔声能力当作其各部位的实际隔声能力,而且忽略客观实际环境、甚至无视厂房存在所致.     

高架复合道路交通噪声的声屏障A计权声插入损失的计算

对解决高架复合道路声屏障的声插入值损失的计算问题,本文阐述了高架复合道路在不同位置设立的声屏障,在车辆类型不同,车速不同及车流量不同的条件下对交通噪声Ａ计权声插入损失的计算方法,理论模型的计算结果与实测值基本相符,误差在１．５ｄＢ（Ａ）以内,该模型在车流量较低的夜间,对衡量设立声屏的高架复合道路噪声及其对环境的影响程度有重要实际意义。     

珠江口红树林湿地土壤碳的分布特征和影响因素研究

红树林土壤是重要的“蓝碳”库,在缓解气候变化中发挥着重要作用.由于人类活动的影响,珠江口红树林湿地经历了复杂的土地覆盖变化过程,其土壤碳分布特征和影响因素需要深入探究.本研究以珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地为研究对象,通过实地调查、采样和测定,分析了该区域5种主要土地覆盖类型(原始秋茄林、无瓣海桑林、无瓣海桑伐迹地、废弃鱼塘和光滩)的土壤有机碳(SOC)储量、SOC稳定性,以及植被碳储量、土壤理化性质对土壤碳分布的影响.结果表明,淇澳岛红树林湿地的SOC储量在不同覆盖类型间存在显著性差异.其中原始秋茄林的SOC储量最高,达185 t·hm^-2,是新生光滩的1.8倍.秋茄林的SOC更多地储存在浅层土壤(0～50 cm)中.通过同位素分析发现,秋茄林SOC的稳定性高于其他土地覆盖类型,有利于SOC的长期固存.植被碳储量与SOC储量呈显著正相关关系,且在浅层土壤中相关性更显著,植被碳输入对浅层SOC累积的促进作用更大.土壤C∶N、水分和pH值等理化性质也影响了红树林湿地土壤碳库的大小.滨海地区在恢复红树林湿地时,有必要考虑不同土地覆盖类型和土壤特性对提升土壤碳汇的影响.     

基于垂直加密观测的北京地区霾和沙尘复合污染形成条件分析

为了弄清蒙古气旋外围出现的霾和沙尘复合污染特征及其形成的关键气象条件,本研究利用多种遥感设备（增强型云高仪、风廓线雷达和微波辐射计等）垂直加密观测数据,结合大气主要污染物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂）监测数据、加密自动气象站观测数据,以及常规地面和高空气象观测数据、NCEP再分析数据等,分析发生在北京春季的2次霾和沙尘重污染过程.结果表明,2017年5月4—5日为一次PM₁₀和PM_2.5混合污染过程,与上游地区强烈发展的蒙古气旋后部风沙区的输送有关.上游地区因受中-低空西来槽影响上升气流加强,使沙尘细颗粒物（粒径≤10 μm）悬浮于空中,由中-低空偏西风输送至下游地区,被北京及附近的弱下沉气流带至地面造成严重的PM₁₀、PM_2.5混合污染.其中,地面偏西风对上游地区的PM₁₀、PM_2.5的水平输送作用明显;2018年3月27—28日凌晨是受蒙古气旋底部低压区辐合作用和偏南气流输送作用形成的积累型霾（PM_2.5）污染.28日凌晨2：00开始蒙古气旋后部沙尘区随东-西向冷高压南压而向南扩散.随后冷高压不断东移形成回流偏东风,偏东风使北京及西北部地区的低层大气产生辐合上升运动,导致本地尘土扬起,造成PM_2.5重污染和PM₁₀极严重污染;浮尘天气引发的大气污染具有突发性特征,且持续时间较长.边界层高度低、低层大气存在逆温层（或等温层）并长时间维持是霾和沙尘复合污染形成和持续的重要条件.霾和沙尘复合重污染的形成是人为污染物、沙尘细颗粒物水平和垂直输送,以及大气层结稳定共同作用的结果.     

青岛海滨疗养区环境噪声中的海浪声研究

本文提出海滨疗养区环境噪声为海浪声与海浪声为OdB时的环境本底噪声的合成,并介绍一种调查观测和实验方法,来分析海浪声L′及其对人的影响,着重分析了疗养房间开窗期间(5—9月份)海浪声与近岸风浪、涌浪、地形,海浪声强度、频谱与人的感受关系,研究结果表明,疗养人员对一般海况下的海浪声有好感和不受影响者在98％以上,影响睡眠的海浪声的发生率仅占2％以下,从而得出一般海浪声不应视为噪声且对人们有一定益处的结论,提出海滨疗养区环境噪声评价标准的建议。     

Optimization and modeling of coagulation-flocculation to remove algae and organic matter from surface water by response surface methodology

Charge neutralization and sweep flocculation were the major mechanisms. Effect of process parameters was investigated. Optimal coagulation conditions were studied by response surface methodology. ANN models presented more robust and accurate prediction than RSM. Seasonal algal blooms of Lake Yangcheng highlight the necessity to develop an effective and optimal water treatment process to enhance the removal of algae and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the present study, the coagulation performance for the removal of algae, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) was investigated systematically by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). The regression models were developed to illustrate the relationships between coagulation performance and experimental variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the significance of the response surface models. It can be concluded that the major mechanisms of coagulation to remove algae and DOM were charge neutralization and sweep flocculation at a pH range of 4.66–6.34. The optimal coagulation conditions with coagulant dosage of 7.57 mg Al/L, pH of 5.42 and initial algal cell density of 3.83 × 10⁶ cell/mL led to removal of 96.76%, 97.64%, 40.23% and 30.12% in term of cell density, turbidity, DOC and UV₂₅₄ absorbance, respectively, which were in good agreement with the validation experimental results. A comparison between the modeling results derived through both ANOVA and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on experimental data showed a high correlation coefficient, which indicated that the models were significant and fitted well with experimental results. The results proposed a valuable reference for the treatment of algae-laden surface water in practical application by the optimal coagulation-flocculation process.     

两类典型沙尘过程对比及清除机制分析

沙尘天气会危害人体健康并直接影响城市运行,当沙尘天气发生后,针对其清除过程及动力学机制鲜有研究.本文利用北京地区地面观测资料、风廓线雷达数据、四维变分多普勒雷达分析系统（Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System,VDRAS）数据、气溶胶激光雷达监测资料等,对比分析了2018年3月27—28日明显浮尘和2021年3月15日强沙尘暴天气的沙尘清除过程,研究了不同大气环流背景下的沙尘减弱消散动力机制.结果表明,在3月27—28日偏东风天气背景下：(1)北京地区沙尘浓度垂直分布及变化与高空槽及偏东风的强度垂直分布有紧密关系;(2)浮尘天气中,偏东风在1～1.5 km之上随高度减弱形成上升气流,与短波槽耦合,将高浓度气溶胶向高空输送;而1 km以下偏东风向地面风速减小,有利于下沉运动,不利于气溶胶向高层扩散,造成中层浓度降低;(3)随着2.5 km以下偏东风加强至低空急流,并随高度增加,上升运动显著增大,高浓度气溶胶被抬至高层并向下游输送,配合气团更迭,完成浮尘清除.而在3月15日强沙尘暴过程中：(4)沙尘浓度垂直分布变化与上游传输及低层强下沉运动有关,...