Distribution and characteristic of PAHs in snow of Fildes Peninsula

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) investigation in different matrices has been reported largely, whereas reports on snow samples were limited. Snow, as the main matrix in the polar region, has an important study meaning. PAHs in snow samples were analyzed to investigate the distribution and contamination status of them in the Antarctic, as well as to provide some references for global migration of PAHs. Snow samples collected in Fildes Peninsula were enriched and separated by solid-phase membrane disks and eluted by methylene dichloride, then quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All types of PAHs were detected except for Benzo(a)pyrene. Principal component analysis method was applied to characterize them. Three factors (Naphthalene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene) accounted for 60.57%, 21.61% and 9.80%, respectively. The results showed that the major PAHs sources maybe the atmospheric transportation, and the combustion of fuel in Fildes Peninsula. The comparison of concentration and types of PAHs between accumulated snow and fresh snow showed that the main compound concentrations in accumulated snow samples were higher than those in fresh ones. The risk assessment indicated that the amount of PAHs in the snow samples would not lead to ecological risk.     

耐酸砷还原菌Bacillus sp.strain P3-23的分离鉴定及其对高砷土壤砷释放影响

砷还原微生物在原生高砷地下水形成中起关键作用,研究其对不同环境因素改变的响应以及对砷迁移与转化的影响是十分必要的.从石门土壤中分离得到一株耐酸砷还原菌,研究其形态和生理生化特征,通过分子生物学和微生物学手段对其进行系统分类和生理生化特性鉴定,并使用微生物学方法在不同温度、pH值和电子供体条件下进行培养,探究其对环境因素...     

不同离子条件对提取沉积物中水溶性有机质光谱特性的影响

水溶性有机质(WSOM)是环境中溶解性有机质(DOM)的重要组成部分,对WSOM化学特性的研究有助于了解环境中DOM对污染物环境归趋的作用.本文利用紫外-可见吸收光谱法(UV-vis)及三维荧光光谱法(3D-EEM)分析了3种不同来源沉积物的WSOM在不同种类及浓度离子浸提液中的光谱特性差异,以揭示天然水化学离子种类及浓度对提取沉积物中WSOM光谱特性的影响.UV-vis光谱分析结果表明:①WSOM在SO■及K~+浸提液中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量及其芳香度较高,在Cl~-及K~+浸提液中的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)丰度高,在NO~-_3、Na~+浸提液中的富里酸含量较高、分子量较小;②浸提液中WSOM的DOC含量及其芳香度、CDOM丰度随离子浓度增加呈先增后减的趋势,同时大颗粒WSOM比例逐渐增加.通过3D-EEM光谱数据结合平行因子分析法发现,沉积物(城市内湖)中WSOM主要由4种荧光组分组成,即可见腐殖酸(C1)、土壤富里酸(C2和C3)、微生物源类腐殖质(C4).4种荧光组分在SO■、K~+浸提液中的荧光强度较高,且随离子浓度增加WSOM的荧光强度、类蛋白物质及类腐殖物质浓度均表现为高浓度受抑制的现象,这一点与吸收光谱数据一致.     

基于地理探测器的湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价

湖南地区是长江中游新石器时期文化发源地之一,为了更有效地了解新石器时期的人地关系,以高程、坡度、坡向、水体、地貌、土壤和植被类型这7个指标构建新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境模糊指数综合评价体系,运用地理探测器的因子探测法确定各要素的权重,在ArcGIS中将各因子的权重值进行加权叠加和综合等级类型分类,最终得到湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价结果:宜居度中等以上的区域面积最大,总面积为18.59万km2,占湖南省总面积的87.77％;水体权重值占比最高;古人偏爱聚水而居,且集中分布在洞庭湖区域,湘、资、沅、澧周边沿干流分布或在河流的交汇区域分布;适宜度等级较高的遗址类型偏向于丘陵型、台地型和平原型;宜居度中等及以上的遗址多分布在地形较低、朝南、微斜坡、地貌、土壤和植被类型最为丰富的区域.本文可为今后史前聚落遗址分布与自然环境分析提供借鉴意义.     

我国日化用品使用挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放及臭氧生成潜势研究

溶剂使用源是挥发性有机物（VOCs）的重要排放源之一.近年来,VOCs排放清单中对工业生产类溶剂的VOCs排放估算较多,但对于生活类溶剂使用的研究有所欠缺.本研究以日化用品为研究对象,基于产品消费量、产品中的溶剂含量及其挥发特性,建立了我国2000—2017年日化用品使用的VOCs排放清单,并基于最大增量反应活性值（MIR）评估了日化用品对臭氧生成的潜在贡献.结果表明,2000年我国日化用品VOCs排放量为36.1×10⁴ t,到2017年排放量达218.5×10⁴ t,年平均增长率为11%.护肤品、香水和洗护用品是日化用品中VOCs的主要排放类别,2017年这3类的VOCs排放量分别占总量的40%、30%和21%.上海（8.0×10⁴ t）、北京（7.0×10⁴ t）、广州（4.5×10⁴ t）、重庆（4.5×10⁴ t）、深圳（3.7×10⁴ t）是日化用品VOCs排放量前5的城市.含氧VOCs是日化用品排放的主要VOCs组分,其排放量贡献达到64%.2017年日化用品VOCs产生的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为306.4×10⁴ t,含氧VOCs、烯烃和烷烃分别占OFP总量的67%、18%和14%.对OFP贡献最大的前8个物种是乙醇、柠檬烯、异丁烷、丙二醇、二丙二醇、异戊烷、二甲醚和异丙醇,其排放量占VOCs总量的77%,但贡献了OFP总量的93%.针对日化用品的VOCs排放及其引起的臭氧污染防控应重点关注护肤品、香水和洗护用品3类产品.     

伊逊河流域总磷污染来源解析

2017—2018年TP成为滦河一级支流伊逊河流域的主要污染因子,部分国控断面水质主要以GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类为主.为开展伊逊河TP污染定量识别研究,在2017年和2018年伊逊河流域水体TP污染时空特征分析的基础上,从流域磷铁矿工业污染、城镇生活污水、雨水径流、河道内源释放以及农业非点源等方面开展TP污染研究.结果表明:①伊逊河流域上游至下游TP污染程度呈加剧恶化趋势,上游唐三营控制单元污染较轻,下游李台控制单元TP污染最重;丰水期TP污染较重,枯/平水期污染较轻;从年度看,2017年TP污染严重,2018年年均ρ（TP）下降了50.00%.②2017年、2018年伊逊河流域TP污染来源差异显著,2017年磷输入主要来自于磷铁矿工业污染,占比为33.46%;选矿企业整改后,2018年磷输入主要来源变为畜禽养殖和城镇生活污染,二者占比合计为59.91%.针对伊逊河流域TP污染特征,提出伊逊河流域TP污染控制建议:加强选矿企业环境监管,进一步完善监管体系;加强流域水土流失治理,实施矿山披绿;大力实施绿色农业工程,加强畜禽养殖布局优化.      

模拟日光照射下土霉素的复合光化学转化动力学及环境归趋

环境水体中存在众多可解离的有机污染物,而不同的解离形态表现出相异的环境行为,如光化学反应活性和归趋.本文以土霉素(OTC)为例,研究了水中可解离化合物的表观光降解、光氧化等复合光化学转化动力学,并揭示了其相应的环境光化学归趋和贡献.模拟日光(λ290nm)照射下,OTC的光降解遵循准一级反应动力学,光解速率常数(k)对pH表现出明显的依赖性.这是由于随pH值升高,解离形态(i)从OTCH_2~0、OTCH~-到OTC~(2-)渐变,相应的k_i和量子产率(Φ_i)显著增大.竞争动力学实验进一步表明,·OH和~1O_2均可以氧化降解OTC,且降解速率随着pH的增大而加快.这与3种解离形态不同的去质子化程度和氧化反应活性有关.去质子化增加化合物的电子密度,利于活性氧物种的亲电攻击,从而促进光氧化反应.基于以上OTC解离形态的不同光化学转化活性,评估了环境表层水体(pH=6~9)中的复合光化学转化半减期(t_(1/2,E)).t_(1/2,E)值依赖于基质pH和季节,北纬45°晴天正午,t_(1/2,E)在0.131 h(仲夏,pH=9)到3.63 h(仲冬,pH=6)之间.多数情况下,OTC的表观光解是其最主要的光化学转化途径,~1O_2氧化次之,而·OH氧化的贡献非常小.以上结果证明了OTC不同解离形态具有不同的光化学转化动力学.因此,为了准确评价水环境中抗生素等可解离有机污染物的光化学归趋和风险,有必要综合考虑所有解离形态的复合光化学行为.     

Gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal atmosphere of the north Yellow Sea, China

Samples of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected at three sampling stations (Xiaomai Island, Laohutan, and Zhangzi Island) in the north Yellow Sea, China during November 2008 and September 2009 to study their atmospheric transport potential and the gas/particle distributions. The composition of PAHs was dominated by gaseous compounds. The percentages of the particle-phase PAHs to the total concentrations were found to be higher during the heating period than the non-heating period. The ratios of naphthalene and acenaphthene to phenanthrene, chrysene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene showed an increasing trend from Xiaomai Island to Zhangzi Island, which can be called as the local atmospheric distillation of PAHs. Gas/particle partitioning coefficients (K _p) and their relationship with the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (pº_L) of PAHs were investigated. The regressions of logK _p versus logpº_L gave significant correlations for all samples of the three sites with r ² values in the range 0.56–0.66 (p?<?0.01). Both Junge–Pankow adsorption model and octanol–air partition coefficient absorption model tended to underestimate the sorption for most PAHs, but the absorption model appeared to be more suitable for predicting the particle fraction of PAHs than the Junge–Pankow model.     

Association between the nickel exposure and lipid profiles in general population from NHANES

This study is to investigate the association between nickel exposure and serum lipid profiles. We analyzed the population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2017–2018. Urinary nickel exposure was measured using inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry. Serum lipid profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), were measured using the standard biochemistry assays. The association between urinary nickel and lipid profiles was examined using multivariable linear regression models and restricted cubic spine plots. There was a significant negative relationship between nickel level and TC (β,???9.67; 95% CI,???13.58 to???5.76), HDL-C (β,???1.57; 95% CI,???2.98 to???0.16), and LDL-C (β,???5.88; 95% CI,???11.04 to???0.71) after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Furthermore, restricted cubic spines showed that only HDL-C was nonlinearly associated with nickel (p for nonlinearity 0.004). However, nickel exposure was not related to the level of triglyceride. The exposure to nickel was linearly associated with serum total cholesterol and LDL-C while nonlinearly associated with HDL-C in general population.