天然气净化厂安全监管模式的探讨

介绍了某天然气净化厂安全监管的实施过程,总结其工作经验,并对如何构建类似情景的安全监管模式进行了深入探讨。     

冼夫人文化在地方高校传承和发展状况研究

以"好心精神"为核心的冼夫人文化作为粤西地区的特色文化,与当代社会主义核心价值观相契合。它对大学生进行爱国主义教育、提高人文素质、树立正确的价值观方面有重要的引导作用。以粤西4所高校为例,通过发放问卷的形式对冼夫人文化在高校大学生中的影响进行调查,指出了冼夫人文化在高校传承中存在的问题,并深入了分析在高校思想政治教育工作中如何融入冼夫人文化。     

碳化硅陶瓷膜管对PM_(2.5)捕集性能的实验研究

PM2.5因其粒径小、吸附能力强、输送距离远、环境危害大,同时捕集困难而成为世界各国共同关注的大气环境问题。以涂氧化铝膜的碳化硅陶瓷膜管(孔隙率28.16%,平均孔径20μm,过滤面积0.28 m2)为过滤元件,搭建了PM2.5捕集的实验装置,对膜管的过滤时间、通量与阻力降的关系以及捕集效率与时间的关系和膜污染控制方面进行了研究。结果表明:随过滤时间增加,通量逐渐减小,阻力降逐渐增大,捕集效率逐渐增大,对PM2.5捕集效率高达99.9%;对膜污染控制参数优化后反吹压强选定为0.8 MPa,反吹间隔时间为10 min,反吹时间为14 s。     

暴雨灾害人员损失风险快速预评估模型

研究在暴雨灾害致灾因子强度分析、孕灾环境敏感性评估等基础上,把人作为主要的承灾体,用人口密度来评估风险暴露因子;参照北京地区暴雨洪涝的历史灾情资料,建立致灾因子强度(等效日雨量)与人员损失之间的损失系数估算方程;以不同时段外出人员的比率作为时间纠正系数;最后用因子乘积方式建立人员损失风险预评估模型。以"7·21"和"6·23"暴雨为个例,进行了模型的应用及检验分析。"7·21"个例选用的雨量数据是BJ_RUC(24h)预报雨量场,"6·23"选用较为贴近实况的BJ_ANC定量降水估计QPE资料。检验发现模型估算的"7·21"暴雨人员损失总数在数量级别上与实况比较接近,而基于空间网格的人员损失风险预评结果与实际遇难人员发现地点在空间分布上基本一致。尽管"6·23"暴雨的人员损失预评估的总数不足1人,但在局部地区的损失风险仍然较大,个别格点甚至达到0.40人的风险水平。而这次暴雨过程导致了比较严重的城市内涝,实际上也发生了几例比较偶然的人员因灾死亡事故。实例应用表明损失预评估可反映出人员损失的基本情况及风险水平,可用于决策气象服务及预警信息发布的主要依据。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Experimental study on the feasibility of explosion suppression by vacuum chambers

In view of the invalidity of suppression and isolation apparatus for gas explosion, a closed vacuum chamber structure for explosion suppression with a fragile plane was designed on the base of the suction of vacuum. Using methane as combustible gas, a series of experiments on gas explosion were carried out to check the feasibility of the vacuum chamber suppressing explosion by changing methane concentration and geometric structure of the vacuum chamber. When the vacuum chamber was not connected to the tunnel, detonation would happen in the tunnel at methane volume fraction from 9.3% to 11.5%, with flame propagation velocity exceeding 2000 m/s, maximum peak value overpressure reaching 0.7 MPa, and specific impulse of shock wave running up to 20 kPa s. When the vacuum chamber with 5/34 of the tunnel volume was connected to the flank of the tunnel, gas explosion of the same concentration would greatly weaken with flame propagation velocity declining to about 200 m/s, the quenching distance decreasing to 3/4 of the tunnel length, maximum peak value overpressure running down to 0.1-0.15 MPa and specific impulse of shock wave below 0.9 kPa s. The closer the position accessed to the ignition end, the greater explosion intensity weakened. There was no significant difference between larger section and smaller vacuum chambers in degree of maximum peak value overpressure and specific impulse declining, except that quenching fire effect of the former was superior to the latter. The distance of fire quenching could be improved by increasing the number of the vacuum chambers.     

系统论在企业改造工程安全管理上的应用

运用系统论思想分析了企业大中修改造工程的特点,有针对性地提出了经实践检验行之有效、系统化的6项安全管理原则,具有较强的可操作性。     

变频规则波输入下直斜群桩动力响应对比试验研究

通过对2×2直斜群桩结构进行振动台模型相似比设计,围绕不同频率正弦波输入下的非液化砂土与饱和砂土中群桩-承台-上部结构体系开展横向动力响应特性试验研究。结果表明:①在输入相同频率正弦波情况下,无论是直桩群还是斜桩群,其位于饱和砂土中的动力响应放大倍数均大于相应非液化砂土工况下的放大系数,且直群桩的横向动力响应比斜群桩动力响应更显著;②随着输入波频率的增加,各试验工况的承台结构动力反应系数均有所增长,直桩群和斜桩群在饱和砂土工况中的加速度和位移的放大倍数增长较非液化砂土工况明显,直群桩比斜群桩增长显著。     

有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的研究进展

有机锡作为防污损生物附着添加剂曾被大量使用,在极低浓度下就能诱发腹足类发生性畸变现象,严重危害了海洋生态系统的平衡。虽然三丁基锡已被国际海事组织全球禁用,但目前报道的环境有机锡污染仍然非常严重,而且其致毒机制一直众说纷纭。首先,简述了腹足类性畸变及其在世界各个海域有机锡污染监测中的应用,重点综述了有机锡致海洋腹足类性畸变分子机制的3种假说:脊椎动物类型的类固醇激素假说、神经肽假说以及视黄酸X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)假说,另外,结合快速发展的分子生物学技术,探讨了研究腹足类性畸变分子机制的新思路和新方法。     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。