Carcinogenicity of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) in pure inbred swiss mice.

Inbred Swiss mice were treated with technical BHC (1) orally with the diet or by intubation and (2) by skin painting. The total duration of the experiment was 80 weeks. There was no difference in body growth and mortality between the experimental and control groups. Symptoms of intoxication in the form of convulsions and tendency of circling in one direction with drooping ears were observed alongwith corneal opacity 40 weeks after the experiment. Oral BHC treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of liver tumours and tumours of lymphoreticular tissue. Males and females were equally susceptible. Skin painting of mice did not significantly increase the incidence of tumour.     

Modelling the biochemical oxidation processes in artificial conditions of waste treatment plants

For natural water bodies there are many models of biochemical oxidation of organic pollutants, from simple to complicated ones. For the artificial conditions of waste water treatment plants there are numerous models of oxidation processes too. The authors believe that a better understanding of these processes in nature would be gained if the oxidation processes in more simple artificial conditions were understood.An attempt has been made to explain the variety of types of models of waste treatment in an activated sludge system or a biofilm reactor by the diffusion mechanism of oxidation of single substrates on the one hand, and by superposition of the kinetics of oxidation of single substrates in measurements of the dynamics of oxidation of a complex pollutant on the other hand.The conditions in which zero- and first-order models are valid in the oxidation of single substrates are derived. Respective formulae for rate constants are given. Monod's model is valid in a broader range of substrate concentration variations. An approximate formula for the half-saturation constant is proposed. Satisfactory agreement with experimental data for glucose and ammonia substrates is shown.The formal character of models being used at present is claimed for multicomponent substrates. The accuracy of the calculation is largely governed by the number of model coefficients. Similar results obtained by Monod's and Grau's models, often used in practice, are emphasized.