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881.
Environmental degradation is a typical unintended outcome of collective human behavior. Hardin’s metaphor of the “tragedy of the commons” has become a conceived wisdom that captures the social dynamics leading to environmental degradation. Recently, “traps” has gained currency as an alternative concept to explain the rigidity of social and ecological processes that produce environmental degradation and livelihood impoverishment. The trap metaphor is, however, a great deal more complex compared to Hardin’s insight. This paper takes stock of studies using the trap metaphor. It argues that the concept includes time and history in the analysis, but only as background conditions and not as a factor of causality. From a historical–sociological perspective this is remarkable since social–ecological traps are clearly path-dependent processes, which are causally produced through a conjunction of events. To prove this point the paper conceptualizes social–ecological traps as a process instead of a condition, and systematically compares history and timing in one classic and three recent studies of social–ecological traps. Based on this comparison it concludes that conjunction of social and environmental events contributes profoundly to the production of trap processes. The paper further discusses the implications of this conclusion for policy intervention and outlines how future research might generalize insights from historical–sociological studies of traps. 相似文献
882.
Controls on coarse wood decay in temperate tree species: birth of the LOGLIFE experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornelissen JH Sass-Klaassen U Poorter L van Geffen K van Logtestijn RS van Hal J Goudzwaard L Sterck FJ Klaassen RK Freschet GT van der Wal A Eshuis H Zuo J de Boer W Lamers T Weemstra M Cretin V Martin R Ouden Jd Berg MP Aerts R Mohren GM Hefting MM 《Ambio》2012,41(Z3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term 'common-garden' experiment to disentangle the effects of species' wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
883.
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen Ute Sass-Klaassen Lourens Poorter Koert van Geffen Richard S. P. van Logtestijn Jurgen van Hal Leo Goudzwaard Frank J. Sterck René K. W. M. Klaassen Grégoire T. Freschet Annemieke van der Wal Henk Eshuis Juan Zuo Wietse de Boer Teun Lamers Monique Weemstra Vincent Cretin Rozan Martin Jan den Ouden Matty P. Berg Rien Aerts Godefridus M. J. Mohren Mariet M. Hefting 《Ambio》2012,41(3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term ‘common-garden’ experiment to disentangle the effects of species’ wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
884.
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886.
Ginebreda A Jelić A Petrović M López de Alda M Barceló D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):958-970
Introduction
Lists of compounds resulting from environmental monitoring may be conveniently represented in a very general way using Pareto distributions, after ranking them on descending order according to their concentration or hazard quotient expressed as percentages, depending on whether the objective of the monitoring is focussed on mass load occurrence or risk assessment respectively. 相似文献887.
José Robles-MolinaMaría J. Martín de Vidales Juan F. García-ReyesPablo Cañizares Cristina SáezManuel A. Rodrigo Antonio Molina-Díaz 《Chemosphere》2012,89(10):1169-1176
The electrochemical transformation of the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) was investigated in wastewater. The oxidation of CPF was carried out in a single-compartment electrochemical flow cell working under batch operation mode, using diamond-based material as anode and stainless steel as cathode. In order to evaluate its persistence and degradation pathway, two different concentration levels (1.0 mg L−1 and 0.1 mg L−1) were studied. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for evaluation of the initial and electrolyzed solutions. The identification of CPF transformation products was performed by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS). Results showed that CPF is completely removed at the end of treatment time. Analysis by LC-TOFMS allowed the identification of six degradation products (with Mw 154, 170, 197, 305 321 and 333). Three of the identified intermediates (Mw 170, 305 and 321) were completely removed at the end of electrolysis time. Interestingly, the formation of diethyl 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2yl phosphate (chlorpyrifos oxon) and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol was also found in previous reported degradation pathways using different degradation technologies. 相似文献
888.
In early 2009, few would have expected that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would come under such massive attack. The IPCC had enjoyed a pristine reputation and had even advanced to become a
role model for biodiversity and food security assessments (Loreau et al. 2006; Watson 2005). However, public trust and, with it, the organization’s credibility eroded dramatically after November 2009 with the events
that became known as ‘climategate’. This article seeks to contribute to current debates about how to reform the IPCC. It argues
that there are major flaws in the design of the IPCC which are rooted in the linear model of expertise and which are helping
to stoke the backlash against the IPCC. The article analyzes the ways in which the IPCC’s activities conform to the linear
model of expertise and considers the consequences of this for integrating adaptation into the IPCC assessments. It explains
why adaptation played only a marginal role up until the IPCC Third Assessment Report. It then demonstrates why the use of
the linear model of expertise constrains the scientific and political debate about adaptation and leads to proxy debates about scientific evidence, which result in depoliticizing the politics of adaptation and
politicizing science. Finally, the article calls for the debate to be opened up to accommodate alternatives that are both politically more feasible
and at the same time more appropriate to the specific needs of adaptation policies at different levels of decision-making. 相似文献
889.
Przylibski TA Zebrowski A Karpińska M Kapała J Kozak K Mazur J Grządziel D Mamont-Cieśla K Stawarz O Kozłowska B Kłos B Dorda J Wysocka M Olszewski J Dohojda M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(8):735-741
The paper presents the results of year-long measurements of radon (222Rn) concentration inside 129 buildings in Poland in relation to the geological conditions of their foundation. The authors took into account the division of the country into tectonic units, as well as the lithology of the rocks forming the bedrock of these buildings. As expected, the highest value of mean annual 222Rn concentration (845 Bq/m3) was recorded in a building situated in the area of the Sudetes, while the highest geometric mean (characteristic of the expected log-normal data distribution) was calculated based on measurements from buildings located within the East-European craton, in the area of Mazury-Podlasie monocline, where it reached 231 Bq/m3. Such results reflect geological conditions - the occurrence of crystalline rocks (especially U- and Ra-enriched granites and orthogneisses) on the surface in the Sudetes, and of young post-glacial sediments containing fragments of Scandinavian crystalline rocks, also enriched with U and Ra, in the area of Mazury-Podlasie monocline. However, the least expected result of the investigations was finding out that, contrary to the hitherto widespread belief, none of the major tectonic units of Poland can be excluded from the list of those containing buildings with mean annual 222Rn concentration exceeding 200 Bq/m3. The mean annual concentration of radon for all the buildings were much higher than the mean concentration value (49.1 Bq/m3) of indoor radon in Poland quoted so far. These results cast a completely new light on the necessity to perform measurements of radon concentration in residential buildings in Poland, no more with reference to small areas with outcrops of crystalline rocks (especially the Sudetes, being the Polish fragment of the European Variscan belt), but for all the major tectonic units within Poland. 相似文献
890.
Ali?Mohammed?OumerEmail author Andreas?de Neergaard 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):547-564
The aim of this paper is to disclose livelihood strategy-poverty links and gain a better understanding by developing typologies
of rural households. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, we group households into different typologies and explore
interactions. We identified six main agronomic strategies, four dominant livelihood diversification strategies, and income
quartiles (proxies for poverty) using cluster and principal component factor analysis. We found that nearly 82% of the surveyed
farmers in the study area belong to the bottom income quartiles while about 18% are on the upper quartiles. Households in
the bottom income quartiles engaged in casual off-farm work and cereal-dominated livelihood strategies that tend to pursue
subsistence farming by growing cereals and oil crops. Contrarily, farmers in the upper income quartiles adapted intensive
agronomic strategies by integrating root crops, legumes, and vegetables with livestock. This was largely attributed to access
to key livelihood assets such as land, livestock, education, and institutional support in which the upper quartiles were more
endowed. Improving availability of the key assets for the bottom income quartiles might be a way out of poverty and ensuring
sustainable development. It is crucial to recognize local-level heterogeneities of rural households when targeting development
interventions. 相似文献