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161.
Factors influencing households' participation in recycling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The success of a recycling programme depends on the active and sustained participation of citizens in the correct separation and collection of recyclable waste. An effective study of strategies aimed at augmenting people's involvement in recycling involves understanding which factors influence the decision to co-operate with a recycling programme. This research investigates the influence of attitudes, incentives, presence of children in household and information through direct media, on households' participation in recycling. The results suggest that positive attitudes toward recycling and information are important factors in explaining recycling participation. Some guidelines that may be considered in future communication and intervention strategies designed to promote recycling participation are discussed. 相似文献
162.
Costa CJ Marques AP Freitas MC Reis MA Oliveira OR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,120(1):97-106
In 1996 a program was started, financed by the Environmental Ministry of Portugal and IAEA, aiming to study the inorganic atmospheric pollutant dispersion in Sado Estuary. Gent PM10 air samplers were used for air particulate matter sampling. Three sampling sites were chosen, forming a triangle around the fuel power station of Setúbal. Transplants of Parmelia sulcata Taylor were suspended in nylon bags within a rectangle 15 km wide and 25 km long on a 2.5 x 2.5 km grid. Two sets of four transplants were hung in each of the 47 locations, one set facing the wind and the other set opposing the wind. The transplants were suspended in December 1997 for a 1-year period; every 3 months, one transplant of each set was collected. Both lichen transplants and PM10 filters were analysed by INAA and PIXE. A comparative study of results obtained for the two sampling procedures is presented in this work. 相似文献
163.
Derval dos Santos Rosa Maria Regina Calil Cristina das Graças Fassina Guedes Carlos Eduardo O. Santos 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2001,9(3):109-113
The biodegradability of poly--hydroxybutyrate and poly--caprolactone in soil compostage before and after irradiation of the polymers for 192, 425, and 600 h in a Weather-Ometer was examined. The biodegradability tests were done in soil compostage at pH 7.0, 9.0, and 11.0 to assess the influence of this parameter on degradation. The rate of degradation was directly proportional to the soil alkalinity. Poly--hydroxybutyrate showed the greatest weight loss and aging in a Weather-Ometer did not significantly increase the biodegradation, except when the polymer was aged for 425 h and buried in soil compostage of pH 11.0. 相似文献
164.
Derval?dos?Santos RosaEmail author Maria?Regina?Calil Cristina?das?Gra?as?Fassina?Guedes Túlio?César?Rodrigues 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2004,12(4):239-245
The biodegradability of poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly--hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHB-V) and poly--caprolactone (PCL) were examined following thermal aging in an oven for 192, 425 and 600 h. Different temperatures, 100, 120 and 140°C for PHB and PHB-V and 30, 40 and 50oC for PCL were used to assess the influence of this parameter on biodegradation. The biodegradability tests were done in soil compostage at pH 11.0 and involved measuring the residual mass of polymer. Thermal analysis of the polymers was done using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The melting temperature and crystallinity were also determined. Thermal ageing increased the biodegradability only for PHB at 120 and 140oC, and there was no correlation between crystallinity and the biodegradation of the polymers. 相似文献
165.
Amaral Rdos S de Vasconcelos WE Borges E Silveira SV Mazzilli BP 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,82(3):383-393
The phosphate region located in the Northeast of Brazil covers an area of approximately 150 km long with an average width of 4 km, along the coast of the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. The inhabitants of this area are exposed to natural radioactivity levels higher than the background values recorded in the literature, mainly due to the presence of uranium and its decay products in the phosphatic sediments. The main aim of this study was to determine the activity concentration of uranium and (226)Ra in foodstuffs cultivated in this area, where the phosphate mineral has been extracted. The activity concentrations found for uranium and (226)Ra in the foodstuffs analyzed varied from 13 to 186 mBq kg(-1) (wet weight), with a mean value of 46 mBq kg(-1) and from 43 to 2209 mBq kg(-1) (wet weight), with a mean value of 358 mBq kg(-1), respectively. The annual intake of these radionuclides, for rural residents, was 7.45 Bq for uranium and 69.3 Bq for (226)Ra. 相似文献
166.
Freitas MC Farinha MM Ventura MG Almeida SM Reis MA Pacheco AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):81-95
This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in PM10 and PM2.5, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring
urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired
power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental
neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison
with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has
been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring
contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for PM10 was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one;
2) the EU annual mean for PM10 was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for PM2.5 was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for PM2.5 was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below
the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In
every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in PM2.5 than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As
and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as
a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near
major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. 相似文献
167.
A survey has been made of medusae found in plankton samples taken fortnightly over a period of a year at 2 fixed stations in the waters near Cochin, Kerala, India. Twenty two species were identified, 8 of them were recorded for the first time in this region. The 2 stations were found to be controlled by different hydrographical regimes; that at Aroor is entirely characterised by backwater conditions, with salinity afternating from fresh water to 32 S according to the monsoon cycle; the station at Fairway Buoy is also dominated by the monsoon cycle, with mixed, low-salinity (11 to 13) waters at the surface, and upwelled Arabian Sea water in the bottom layer during the Southwest monsoon Life cycles are discussed and the population dynamics of Eutima commensalis at Aroor are analysed. A mathematical model is proposed for more detailed population dynamics studies of plankton species in the Cochin Backwaters, taking E. commensalis as an example. 相似文献
168.
Juliane C. Forti Paula G. Lima Andr R. Reis Felipe A. dos Santos Srgio S. Braga 《环境质量管理》2019,28(3):123-130
Solid waste presents the potential for contamination of the soil when it is improperly managed. One of the great challenges of today's society is to promote the proper disposal of municipal solid waste in order to guarantee the safety of public health and to avoid risks to the environment. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyze the concentration profiles of heavy metals and aromatic hydrocarbons of risk that human health in landfill soil. Such works provides an important tool to evaluate the possible presence of contaminants from inappropriate waste disposal, as well as to assist in the management of waste and to prevent environmental contamination. In order to analyze cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), which are toxic elements, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o‐xylene, m‐xylene, and p‐xylene, soil samples were collected at different sites and depths. Neither Cd nor As was detected in any of the samples that were analyzed. Pb levels ranged from 5.34 milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg) to 7.40 mg/kg, Ni levels ranged from 2.17 mg/kg to 3.00 mg/kg, and Hg levels ranged from 75.4 micrograms per kilograms (μg/kg) to 88.3 μg/kg. The aromatic hydrocarbon compounds of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o‐xylene were below 5.5 μg/kg, and m‐, p‐xylene was below 11 μg/kg. The analysis of heavy metals and aromatic hydrocarbons present in the landfill soil showed concentrations below the soil quality guideline values of the Brazilian National Environment Council (CONAMA) Resolution 420, which has criteria for the presence of chemical substances in soil for Brazil. Therefore, the low levels of chemicals may be related to the operational time of the landfill or to the population profile of the municipality, which is predominantly composed of persons involved in family‐based agriculture. 相似文献
169.
170.
Araújo MS Guimarães PR Svanbäck R Pinheiro A Guimarães P Dos Reis SF Bolnick DI 《Ecology》2008,89(7):1981-1993
Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals should become more opportunistic when intraspecific competition is high and preferred resources are scarce. This density-dependent diet shift should result in increased diet breadth for individuals as they add previously unused prey to their repertoire. As a result, the niche breadth of the population as a whole should increase. In a recent study, R. Svanb?ck and D. I. Bolnick confirmed that intraspecific competition led to increased population diet breadth in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). However, individual diet breadth did not expand as resource levels declined. Here, we present a new method based on complex network theory that moves beyond a simple measure of diet breadth, and we use the method to reexamine the stickleback experiment. This method reveals that the population as a whole added new types of prey as stickleback density was increased. However, whereas foraging theory predicts that niche expansion is achieved by individuals accepting new prey in addition to previously preferred prey, we found that a subset of individuals ceased to use their previously preferred prey, even though other members of their population continued to specialize on the original prey types. As a result, populations were subdivided into groups of ecologically similar individuals, with diet variation among groups reflecting phenotype-dependent changes in foraging behavior as prey density declined. These results are consistent with foraging theory if we assume that quantitative trait variation among consumers affects prey preferences, and if cognitive constraints prevent individuals from continuing to use their formerly preferred prey while adding new prey. 相似文献