Bewertungsansatz von Umweltmonitoring-Informationssystemen in Ballungsräumen

Comprehensive data on environmental monitoring programs concerned with air pollutants like ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) und carbon monoxide (CO), and occassionally suspended dust, benzene and other environmental chemicals, are available on the free Internet. As different monitoring information systems exist in most states or big cities of the Federal Republic of Germany, a comparison of these systems with their pros and cons is of great interest to the public. Environmental air pollutant monitoring systems in 16 states of Germany are listed and evaluated by applying 5 evaluation criteria for the differentiation of these systems. Different data-analysis methods will be applied, the Hasse diagram technique, a method derived from discrete mathematics and the partially Ordered Scalogram Analysis with Coordinates (POSAC) method, a multivariate statistical approach. The important objects, the so-called maximal or minimal objects, are detected in both methods. The Internet-based environmental monitoring systems of the states of Berlin, Bremen, Saxony-Anhalt, Baden-Wurttemberg are rated good in the evaluation approaches, whereas the information systems of the states of Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony received a rather poor ranking. The attributes of DA, way of data presentation on the Internet, and ME, type and length of measurements, were pointed out in the data-analysis methods. Multivariate explorative statistical methods offer a comprehensive tool for the graphical analysis of data-matrices. The ranking of objects is given in an effective and graphically comprehensible manner using the Hasse diagram technique. The choice and preference of the methods is problem-driven. A combination of these different methods is envisaged in the authors’ future research.     

Predicting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of polychlorinated bornane (Toxaphene) congeners in fish and comparison with bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in biota from the aquatic environment.

Polychlorinated bornanes, the main components of Toxaphene, are bioconcentrated in aquatic organisms to a high extent. However, up to this time no bioconcentration tests with individual chlorinated bornanes in aquatic organisms have been performed. Therefore, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of seven selected persistent chlorinated bornane congeners which are regularly found in aquatic organisms, were predicted from their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow). Furthermore, these BCF values were compared with the measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in zooplankton and different fish species from the aquatic environment.     

Bestimmung von Spurenstoffen in Niederschlagsproben

A precipitation network consisting of 15 sites as part of the national project SANA was established to document and characterize the spatial and temporal changes of pollutants in the precipitation of East Germany. Long-term data records show a significant decrease of sulfate and calcium in the precipitation. The acidity and the nitrogen-containing ions have been remained unchanged up to now.     

Einsatz der Hasse-Diagrammtechnik zur vergleichenden Datenanalyse von Biomarkerantworten und ökotoxikologischen Tests

Ecotoxicological investigations focus on biological systems and their response to chemically induced stress. Experimental techniques are much more developed than deterministic dynamic modelling. In this methodological contribution a technique is presented, based on lattice theory. This technique, also calledHasse diagram technique, allows data analysis with respect to comparative evaluation. Hasse diagrams are used

? to suggest a possible measure of microbial diversity,

? to analyze dependencies between phospholipid fatty acids and simple geochemical parameters on an ordinal scale and

? to visualise complex results of interactions of humic substances with xenobiotics.

     

Nachhaltige Entwicklung von Managementstrategien

In order to support evaluation and decision processes with respect to sustainability of management strategies, different mathematical methods can be applied. In this paper, the fundamentals of these so-called multi-criteria evaluation and decision-support instruments are presented. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages are worked out using an example data set of strategies of sustainable water management. It is shown that particularly transparency, objectivity and the degree of participation of stakeholders are the main characteristics: Whereas the Hasse diagram technique is directed to the scientifically given data matrix, and therefore yields an objective and transparent evaluation and data analysis, concordance analysis, utility function theory, PROMETHEE and AHP (analytical hierarchy process) have their preferences as participants or stakeholders in the decision process.     

Grenzüberschreitender Seeuferschutz im Spannungsfeld von Nutzungsinteressen am Beispiel Bodensee (Teil 1)

The shores of many Central European lakes located in the hinterland of large conurbations are heavily endangered by intensive settlement, traffic, sewage input, manipulation of the water level, tourism and recreation. This increasing impact has negatively affected the function of the lake shore in respect to conservation and species protection, to water protection and its importance for recreation. This paper describes the overlap of the multiple uses and the precautions planned since 1981 on the national and international level to guarantee the essential multiple functionality, e.g. as drinking water reservoir for the conurbations in the northern part of Baden-Württemberg, as supraregional centre for water sports and tourism, and as an important environment for endangered plant and animal species. Management measures include regional planning as well as the international water protection and preservation with many contributions from non governmental international organisations. Given a high agreement concerning these aims, many indispensable actions could successfully be realised on the political and administrative level. On the basis of 14 topics we follow the development since 1981, most recently also driven by the EU (FFH Natura 2000, Water framework directive). Backlogs became obvious for four topics: 1. The lack of efficient reviews on completed measures, 2. gaps in basic understanding, 3. The dragging harmonisation of an integrated shore protection program across the borders, and 4. the lack of concepts for a sustainable development including plans for monitoring.     

Veränderung von Biokonzentration und Wirkung vom PSM in Anwesenheit von Huminstoffen

Humic substances, in aqueous bodies primarily fulvic acids, may demonstrate an inhibitory as well as an activating influence on organisms. We present evidence with bacteria-containing algal cultures and with cultures of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Structural elements of the fulvic acids which may be responsible for such effects are not yet known. Furthermore, the presence of fulvic acids may lead to increases in bioconcentration of xenobiotics. Increase in the toxicity of xenobiotics in the presence of humic substances have also been described. We present studies applying lethal as well as sublethal toxicity endpoints.     

Teil II: Verfahren zur Monetarisierung von Ökosystemleistungen

As it is practically impossible in an industrial society to reduce impacts into ecosystems to a level that would preclude any damages, the need for damage valuation arises. One of the available valuation tools is the economic approach. Subsequent publications present this approach using the example of soils. In this second part, two methods are presented for monetarising ecosystem services, the contingent valuation method, the valuation on the basis of restoration and replacement costs. Common arguments against the monetarisation of ecosystems, like the omission of intrinsic values or the incomplete information of individuals, are then discussed. In conclusion, limits and possibilities of monetarising ecosystem services are described.