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461.
Dirk-Jan van de Ven Mikel González-Eguino Iñaki Arto 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(6):853-886
Mainstream literature on climate change concentrates overwhelmingly on technological solutions for this global long-term problem, while a change towards climate-friendly behaviour could play a role in emission reduction and has received little attention. This paper focuses on the potential climate mitigation by behavioural change in the European Union (EU) covering many behavioural options in food, mobility and housing demand which do not require any personal up-front investment. We use the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), capturing both their direct and indirect implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Our results indicate that modest to rigorous behavioural change could reduce per capita footprint emissions by 6 to 16%, out of which one fourth will take place outside the EU, predominantly by reducing land use change. The domestic emission savings would contribute to reduce the costs of achieving the internationally agreed climate goal of the EU by 13.5 to 30%. Moreover, many of these options would also yield co-benefits such as monetary savings, positive health impacts or animal wellbeing. These results imply the need for policymakers to focus on climate education and awareness programs more seriously and strategically, making use of the multiple co-benefits related with adopting pro-environmental behaviour. Apart from that, the relevance of behavioural change in climate change mitigation implies that policy-informing models on climate change should include behavioural change as a complement or partial alternative to technological change. 相似文献
462.
Rien E. van Wijk Michael Schaub Steffen Hahn Natalia Juárez-García-Pelayo Björn Schäfer Lukáš Viktora Manuel Martín-Vivaldi Marko Zischewski Silke Bauer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2018,105(7-8):42
The annual cycle of migrating birds is shaped by their seasonal movements between breeding and non-breeding sites. Studying how migratory populations are linked throughout the annual cycle—migratory connectivity, is crucial to understanding the population dynamics of migrating bird species. This requires the consideration not only of spatial scales as has been the main focus to date but also of temporal scales: only when both aspects are taken into account, the degree of migratory connectivity can be properly defined. We investigated the migration behaviour of hoopoes (Upupa epops) from four breeding populations across Europe and characterised migration routes to and from the breeding grounds, location of non-breeding sites and the timing of key migration events. Migration behaviour was found to vary both within and amongst populations, and even though the spatial migratory connectivity amongst the populations was weak, temporal connectivity was strong with differences in timing amongst populations, but consistent timing within populations. The combination of diverse migration routes within populations and co-occurrence on the non-breeding grounds between populations might promote exchange between breeding populations. As a result, it might make hoopoes and other migrating bird species with similar strategies more resilient to future habitat or climatic changes and stabilise population trends. 相似文献
463.
Juggling work and family responsibilities when involuntarily working more from home: A multiwave study of financial sales professionals
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Laurent M. Lapierre Elianne F. van Steenbergen Maria C. W. Peeters Esther S. Kluwer 《组织行为杂志》2016,37(6):804-822
Using multiwave survey data collected among 251 financial sales professionals, we tested whether involuntarily working more from home (teleworking) was related to higher time‐based and strain‐based work‐to‐family conflict (WFC). Employees' boundary management strategy (integration vs. segmentation) and work–family balance self‐efficacy were considered as moderators of these relationships. Data were collected one month before, three months after, and 12 months after the implementation of a new cost‐saving policy that eliminated employees' access to office space in a centralized work location. The policy resulted in employees being forced to work more from home. A voluntary telework program had been in effect before the new policy, implying that working more from home as a result of the new policy was involuntary in nature. Results revealed that involuntarily working more from home was associated with higher strain‐based WFC but not higher time‐based WFC. However, moderator analyses revealed that the positive association between involuntarily working more from home and both types of WFC was significantly stronger among employees with weaker self‐efficacy in balancing work and family. Boundary management strategy had no detectable moderating effect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
464.
465.
Manzetti Sergio Hadi Behzadi Andersen Otto David van der Spoel 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2013,11(2):105-118
Nanotechnology globally represents a new direction within scientific development, where the atomic and electronic properties of molecules are used in a unique fashion to produce and construct new and exotic materials and products. Fullerenes (Bucky balls, C60) constitute a particular group within the field of nanotechnology. Fullerenes find applications in medicine, industrial chemistry and electronics. However, there are several unanswered questions about fullerenes and their toxicological properties. Most toxicological studies on fullerenes evolve around the in vitro and in vivo aspects of pristine C60 along with chemically modified C60 molecules. We reviewed toxicology reports on C60. We bring a critical and challenging evaluation of the electronic and quantum properties of C60 molecules in context with the implications on cellular factors and metabolites. The evaluation shows that the reactivity and quantum chemical properties of C60 can have unexpected effects in the cell, by principally absorbing metabolites, such as OH? and H+ ions and alter its reactivity. We thus challenge the present view of C60 solely based on empirical studies, based on the electronic properties of C60 that vary considerably with their size and reaction path. A further example of this is the absorption of divalent zinc ions, which shows an increase in reactivity of the C60 that presents an important pattern of chemical state, reactivity and toxicological potential. The results evaluate the toxicological potential of C60 from a different angle than conventional, by applying a blend of critical review of the findings on C60 toxicity, their chemical and electronic properties. 相似文献
466.
Matthias Demuzere Nicole P.M. van Lipzig 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(10):1341-1355
In order to make projections for future air-quality levels, a robust methodology is needed that succeeds in reconstructing present-day air-quality levels. At present, climate projections for meteorological variables are available from Atmospheric-Ocean Coupled Global Climate Models (AOGCMs) but the temporal and spatial resolution is insufficient for air-quality assessment. Therefore, a variety of methods are tested in this paper in their ability to hindcast maximum 8 hourly levels of O3 and daily mean PM10 from observed meteorological data. The methods are based on a multiple linear regression technique combined with the automated Lamb weather classification. Moreover, we studied whether the above-mentioned multiple regression analysis still holds when driven by operational ECMWF (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast) meteorological data. The main results show that a weather type classification prior to the regression analysis is superior to a simple linear regression approach. In contrast to PM10 downscaling, seasonal characteristics should be taken into account during the downscaling of O3 time series. Apart from a lower explained variance due to intrinsic limitations of the regression approach itself, a lower variability of the meteorological predictors (resolution effect) and model deficiencies, this synoptic-regression-based tool is generally able to reproduce the relevant statistical properties of the observed O3 distributions important in terms of European air quality Directives and air quality mitigation strategies. For PM10, the situation is different as the approach using only meteorology data was found to be insufficient to explain the observed PM10 variability using the meteorological variables considered in this study. 相似文献
467.
Barend L. van Drooge Joan O. Grimalt Evzen Stuchlík 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6594-6600
The objective of the present study was to gain insight on the spatial distribution of seven polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in the High Tatras mountain range in Eastern Europe. Twenty high mountain lakes were sampled on their top-core sediment. Despite the relative uniform composition of PCB congeners among the lakes, there are important differences in the observed concentrations. Moderate top-core sediment concentrations of PCB congeners were observed (1.9 to 38 ng/g dw for ∑PCB) in comparison to other high mountain or Arctic areas. The variation in PCB concentrations can partly be explained by a possible altitudinal effect, resulting in higher PCB concentrations at higher (colder) altitudes. Part of this enhanced accumulation of PCBs could be caused by external factors (topography and meteorology) and internal lake factors (sediment dynamics). Many of these factors were not quantified for all individual lakes and their influence could, therefore, only be studied for some. 相似文献
468.
Ayman Elshkaki Ester van der Voet Mirja Van Holderbeke Veerle Timmermans 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(6):1916-1928
Substances may enter the economy and the environment through both intentional and non-intentional flows. These non-intentional flows, including the occurrence of substances as pollutants in mixed primary resources (metal ores, phosphate ores and fossil fuels) and their presence in re-used waste streams from intentional use may have environmental and economic consequences in terms of pollution and resource availability. On the one hand, these non-intentional flows may cause pollution problems. On the other hand, these flows have the potential to be a secondary source of substances.This article aims to quantify and model the non-intentional flows of lead, to evaluate their long-term environmental consequences, and compare these consequences to those of the intentional flows of lead. To meet this goal, the model combines all the sources of non-intentional flows of lead within one model, which also includes the intentional flows.Application of the model shows that the non-intentional flows of lead related to waste streams associated with intentional use are decreasing over time, due to the increased attention given to waste management. However, as contaminants in mixed primary resources application, lead flows are increasing as demand for these applications is increasing. 相似文献
469.
Among primates, group size is highly variable. The standard ecological model assumes that better predation avoidance as group
size increases favours living in larger groups, whereas increased travel costs and reduced net food intake due to within-group
competition for resources set the upper limit. Folivorous primates, however, tend to defy this generalisation in that some
live in small groups despite low costs of feeding competition. To resolve this ’folivore paradox’, it has been suggested that folivore group size is limited by social factors such as male
harassment or infanticide, or that females can disperse more easily and thus maintain group size near optimum levels. In this
paper, we examine the effects of group size on home range size, day-journey length, activity budget and diet in wild Thomas’s
langurs (Presbytis thomasi), which live in one-male multi-female groups with a limited life cycle. We examined only data from the stable middle tenure
phase when factors such as the strength of the breeding male or the way in which groups were formed did not influence ranging
and activities. During this phase, group size affected day-journey length and home range size, and had a minor effect on diet,
but did not influence time spent feeding or resting, allogrooming or birth rates. Hence the upper limit to group size during
the middle tenure phase in Thomas’s langurs is not set by feeding competition. The folivore paradox is not due to frequent
female dispersal in Thomas’s langurs. The timing of female dispersal is not as expected if it serves to keep group sizes near
the ecological optimum, and groups seem to be below this optimum. Instead, female reproductive success is presumably maximised
in small to mid-sized groups because larger groups show a clear trend to experience higher risk of take-over, often accompanied
by infanticide. Because females can redistribute themselves among nearby groups when groups reorganise each time a new male
starts up a new group, females can keep the group small. Thus, a social factor, risk of infanticide, seems to provide the
selective advantage to small group size in Thomas’s langurs.
Received: 29 July 1999 / Revised: 17 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 October 2000 相似文献
470.
Martin Volk Sven Lautenbach Hedwig van Delden Lachlan T. H. Newham Ralf Seppelt 《Environmental management》2010,46(6):834-849
This article analyses the benefits and shortcomings of the recently developed decision support systems (DSS) FLUMAGIS, Elbe-DSS,
CatchMODS, and MedAction. The analysis elaborates on the following aspects: (i) application area/decision problem, (ii) stakeholder
interaction/users involved, (iii) structure of DSS/model structure, (iv) usage of the DSS, and finally (v) most important
shortcomings. On the basis of this analysis, we formulate four criteria that we consider essential for the successful use
of DSS in landscape and river basin management. The criteria relate to (i) system quality, (ii) user support and user training,
(iii) perceived usefulness and (iv) user satisfaction. We can show that the availability of tools and technologies for DSS
in landscape and river basin management is good to excellent. However, our investigations indicate that several problems have
to be tackled. First of all, data availability and homogenisation, uncertainty analysis and uncertainty propagation and problems
with model integration require further attention. Furthermore, the appropriate and methodological stakeholder interaction
and the definition of ‘what end-users really need and want’ have been documented as general shortcomings of all four examples
of DSS. Thus, we propose an iterative development process that enables social learning of the different groups involved in
the development process, because it is easier to design a DSS for a group of stakeholders who actively participate in an iterative
process. We also identify two important lines of further development in DSS: the use of interactive visualization tools and
the methodology of optimization to inform scenario elaboration and evaluate trade-offs among environmental measures and management
alternatives. 相似文献