云南某冶炼废渣堆渗滤液产生及其影响因素研究

渗滤液作为渣堆对周边水土的主要污染源,是污染场地原位风险管控的关键对象。云南某历史遗留冶炼废渣堆出现了渗滤液产生量少、空间分布位置有限的特殊现象。为研究该冶炼废渣堆渗滤液产生的控制条件和影响因素,基于详细勘察和野外现场调查试验结果,构建了渣体包气带水文地质概念模型,并结合HYDRUS软件分析了不同条件下渣体包气带的水分变化。结果表明：该厚层渣体包气带水分运移深度有限,正常降雨条件下该渣体产生渗滤液的临界深度为8.8 m;暴雨条件下熔炼渣相较于石膏渣和生活垃圾更易产生渗滤液;渣体包气带越厚、初始体积含水率越低、渣体物质组成及其结构越复杂、覆土层越厚的条件下,渣体越难产生渗滤液。该研究结果对我国类似冶炼废渣堆原位风险管控处置具有重要的参考价值。     

UV/微曝气联用工艺对内分泌干扰物BP的去除效果和影响因素

采用新型工艺UV/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（BP）进行降解研究.结果表明,UV/微曝气是一种高级氧化法,可以有效去除水中BP;UV/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受本底TOC值、BP初始浓度值、UV光强以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着TOC值的降低,BP降解速率k₁迅速增加;随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在189～410 μg/L浓度范围内,k₁随着BP浓度的增大而逐步增大,在410～971 μg/L浓度的范围内,k₁随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;pH 2.77～4.01范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较大,pH 4.70～8.16范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较低.     

太湖叶绿素a浓度时空分异及其定量反演

利用2005年实测叶绿素a浓度数据分析了太湖叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征,并利用同步光谱数据,分季节对太湖叶绿素a浓度的反演模型进行研究,从而分析叶绿素a的时空变化对反演模型的影响.首先分析1a内叶绿素a浓度随时间的变化规律,然后利用反距离加权插值法绘制叶绿素a浓度不同季节空间分布图,分析叶绿素a浓度在不同季节的空间分布规律,在此基础上分春、夏、秋3个季节和中营养化、轻度富营养化、中度富营养化、重度富营养化4个营养状态进行叶绿素a浓度定量反演模型研究.结果表明,太湖叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征.夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,平均浓度分别为56.29μg/L、13.61 μg/L.秋季由于受到夏季高浓度的影响,叶绿素a浓度高于春季,平均值分别为26.43μg/L、34.78μg/L;夏季叶绿素a浓度空间变化最大,冬季全湖叶绿素a浓度含量较为均一,空间变化不明显,秋季空间差异要大于春季;全年北部湖区的空间差异较大,而南部湖区相对较小.不同季节叶绿素a反演算法模型不同,春、秋季波段比值法反演效果较好;而夏季微分法反演效果明显好于其它反演算法,不同营养状态条件下反演算法差异相对较小.     

熵析污水处理资源与能源化

熵为热力学第二定律中的抽象概念.按熵之理论,自然熵增和逆熵增维系着生态平衡.人类生产、生活过程中摄取资源并排放污/废水等熵增产物会促进物质熵增并破坏生态平衡,加速生物消亡.而缓释、甚至抵消这种“人为熵增”则乃实现蓝色发展目标的重要一环.如今,人为熵增所引发的自然物质熵变循环塌陷是不争的事实,“自然熵增”之原生态方法显然已不适合大规模处理城市污水,“加速熵增”的传统污水处理技术显然也已不合时宜,只有发展“逆熵增”的污水处理资源、能源化技术才是人间正道.通过对熵的具象化释义,揭示出传统污水处理技术以及污泥填埋方式为“加速熵增”过程,对人类可持续发展十分不利.只有模拟元素循环的自然的“逆熵增”过程,才能使得污水处理走向可持续发展水平.因此,污水资源化与能源化首当其冲,一定是未来污水处理的发展方向.只有通过人工缓释熵增(高效低耗污水处理技术)和促进逆熵增手段(资源与能源化技术)才能抵消人为熵增造成的影响,从而维持生态平衡.     

地下水铀污染的原位微生物还原与固定:在美国能源部田纳西橡树岭放射物污染现场的试验

总结了美国斯坦福大学和橡树岭国家实验室等在美国能源部田纳西州橡树岭综合试验基地进行的铀污染原位微生物修复阶段性试验结果.本试验利用微生物以乙醇为电子供体还原地下水和沉积物中的六价铀为不溶解的四价铀,使之原位固定化.随后通过加入溶解氧和硝酸盐来试验微生物还原后的地下水层中还原固定态铀的稳定性.通过预处理和长期间隔注入乙醇...     

巢湖水体散射和后向散射特性研究

湖泊水体散射特性的研究对湖泊水色要素遥感反演模型的发展具有重要的意义.本研究利用AC-S和ECO-BB9实测了巢湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数,在分析光谱变化特性的基础上,构建了悬浮颗粒物散射系数和后向散射系数的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为0.86和3.24.研究发现悬浮颗粒物散射系数与TSM和ISM都存在较好的线性函数关系,进而提出水体中总悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.6364(10-3m2·mg-1),无机悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.9108(10-3m2·mg-1).同时,分析了悬浮颗粒物后向散射率和折射指数的变化,其变化范围分别为0.003～0.026和1.02～1.06.     

Comparison of two screening level risk assessment approaches for six disinfectants and pharmaceuticals

For three examples of both groups (the disinfectants biphenylol, 4-chloro-m-cresol and triclosan and the pharmaceuticals ivermectin, ibuprofen and oxytetracycline) a relative initial risk assessment (RIRA) was performed assuming a standard emission of 1 kg/d to the most relevant environmental compartment. In addition the hazard of the compounds was evaluated based upon their persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulative properties (PTB). Both estimated and measured parameters were used for this purpose. In addition to an analysis of the risks of the pharmaceuticals and disinfectants per se, the capacity to discern between the intrinsic risk of different compounds is evaluated for both criteria used. It is concluded that the RIRA has a higher discriminative value and yields more information compared to the PTB-criterion.     

In vitro EROD induction equivalency factors for the 10 PAHs generally monitored in risk assessment studies in The Netherlands

The ethoxy resorufin dealkylase (EROD) inducing potency of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is measured in the H4IIE in vitro bioassay and the results are compared to those reported in literature. The selected PAHs varied considerably in their potency to induce EROD activity. Anthracene (Ant) and phenanthrene (Phe) showed consistently no response. Naphthalene (Nap) showed no or a very weak response on EROD activity. Fluoranthene (Fla) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) showed weak responses at the highest doses. The other PAHs, including indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), showed full bell shaped dose-response curves. BaP EROD induction equivalency factors (BaP-1EF) were calculated and increased in the order Ant approximately Phe < Fla < Nap < BghiP < IP < BaA < BaP < Chr < BkF. Comparison of BaP-IEFs based on 50% effect concentration (EC50) or lowest effect concentration (LEC), yielded a significant relationship between both methods described by the equation log(BaPIEF(EC50) = 0.55 x log(BaPIEF(LEC)) + 0.07 (r2 = 0.913). BaP-IEFs as derived from our measurements and as reported in literature and measured in other in vitro assays deviated up to a factor of 17 among the different studies, but the potency rankings were comparable. For the PAH mixture as on average present in the human diet an overall tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-IEF of 1 x 10(-4) was estimated. The total PAH based TCDD induction equivalents (IEQ) intake then was calculated 300 pg/day, which is approximately 2 times higher then the PHAH based TCDD-EQ intake reported for humans.