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Michael J. Manfredo Jeremy T. Bruskotter Tara L. Teel David Fulton Shalom H. Schwartz Robert Arlinghaus Shigehiro Oishi Ayse K. Uskul Kent Redford Shinobu Kitayama Leeann Sullivan 《Conservation biology》2017,31(4):772-780
The hope for creating widespread change in social values has endured among conservation professionals since early calls by Aldo Leopold for a “land ethic.” However, there has been little serious attention in conservation to the fields of investigation that address values, how they are formed, and how they change. We introduce a social–ecological systems conceptual approach in which values are seen not only as motivational goals people hold but also as ideas that are deeply embedded in society's material culture, collective behaviors, traditions, and institutions. Values define and bind groups, organizations, and societies; serve an adaptive role; and are typically stable across generations. When abrupt value changes occur, they are in response to substantial alterations in the social–ecological context. Such changes build on prior value structures and do not result in complete replacement. Given this understanding of values, we conclude that deliberate efforts to orchestrate value shifts for conservation are unlikely to be effective. Instead, there is an urgent need for research on values with a multilevel and dynamic view that can inform innovative conservation strategies for working within existing value structures. New directions facilitated by a systems approach will enhance understanding of the role values play in shaping conservation challenges and improve management of the human component of conservation. 相似文献
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Soil and atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and soil-air gas exchange of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated at an industrial site in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey. Current-use pesticides, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, had the highest atmospheric levels in summer and winter. Summertime total (gas + particle) OCP concentrations in air were higher, probably due to increased volatilization at higher temperatures and seasonal local/regional applications of current-use pesticides. Particle deposition fluxes were generally higher in summer than in winter. Overall average dry particle deposition velocity for all the OCPs was 4.9 ± 4.1 cm s−1 (average ± SD). ΣDDXs (sum of p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE) were the most abundant OCPs in Aliaga soils (n = 48), probably due to their heavy historical use and persistence. Calculated fugacity ratios and average net gas fluxes across the soil-air interface indicated volatilization for α-CHL, γ-CHL, heptachlorepoxide, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and p,p′-DDT in summer, and for α-CHL, γ-CHL, trans-nonachlor, endosulfan sulfate, and p,p′-DDT in winter. For the remaining OCPs, soil acted as a sink during both seasons. Comparison of the determined fluxes showed that dry particle, gas-phase, and wet deposition are significant OCP input mechanisms to the soil in the study area. 相似文献
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Merlin Aydın Hale Tozlu Sebnem Kemaloglu Ayse Aytac Guralp Ozkoc 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):11-17
In this study, the influence of alkali (NaOH) treatment on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of eco-composites
of short flax fiber/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was investigated. SEM analysis conducted on alkali treated flax fibers showed
that the packed structure of the fibrils was deformed by the removal non-cellulosic materials. The fibrils were separated
from each other and the surface roughness of the alkali treated flax fibers was improved. The mechanical tests indicated that
the modulus of the untreated fiber/PLA composites was higher than that of PLA; on the other hand the modulus of alkali treated
flax fiber/PLA was lower than PLA. Thermal properties of the PLA in the treated flax fiber composites were also affected.
Tg values of treated flax fiber composites were lowered by nearly 10 °C for 10% NaOH treatment and 15 °C for 30% NaOH treatment.
A bimodal melting behavior was observed for treated fiber composites different than both of neat PLA and untreated fiber composites.
Furthermore, wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline structure of cellulose of flax fibers changed
from cellulose-I structure to cellulose-II. 相似文献
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Cercis Ikiel Beyza Ustaoglu Ayse Atalay Dutucu Derya Evrim Kilic 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1699-1709
The aim of this study is to research natural land cover change caused by the permanent effects of human activities in Duzce plain and its surroundings, and to determine the current status of the land cover. For this purpose, two Landsat TM images were used in the study for the years 1987 and 2010. These images are analysed by using data image processing techniques in ERDAS Imagine©10.0 and ArcGIS©10.0 software. Land cover change nomenclature is classified according to the Coordination of Information on the Environment Level 2 Classification (1—urban fabric, 2—industrial, commercial and transport units, 3—heterogeneous agricultural areas, 4—forests, and 5—inland wetlands). Furthermore, the image analysis results are confirmed by the field research. According to the results, a decrease of 33.5 % was recorded in forest areas from 24,840.7 to 16,529.0 ha; an increase of 11.2 % was recorded in heterogeneous agricultural areas from 47,702.7 to 53,051.7 ha. Natural vegetation, which is the large part of land cover in the research area, has been changing rapidly because of rapid urbanisation and agricultural activities. As a result, it is concluded that significant changes have occurred on the natural land cover between the years 1987 and 2010 in the Duzce plain and its surroundings. 相似文献
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A fuzzy logic approach has been developed to assess the groundwater pollution levels below agricultural fields. The data collected
for Kumluca Plain of Turkey have been utilized to develop the approach. The plain is known with its intensive agricultural
activities, which imply excessive application of fertilizers. The characteristics of the soils and underlying groundwater
for this plain were monitored during the years 1999 and 2000. Additionally, an extensive field survey related to the types
and yields of crops, fertilizer application and irrigation water was carried out. Both the soil and groundwater have exhibited
high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and salinity with considerable spatial and temporal variations. The pollution level of
groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy Logic. Water Pollution Index (WPI)
values are calculated by Fuzzy Logic utilizing the most significant groundwater pollutants in the area namely nitrite, nitrate
and orthophosphate together with the groundwater vulnerability to pollution. The results of the calculated WPI and the monitoring
study have yielded good agreement. WPI indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Kumluca plain depending on factors
such as agricultural age, depth to groundwater, soil characteristics and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy
Logic approach has shown to be a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater pollution levels. 相似文献
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Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polar and aprotic solvents when used as solvents separately on the antimicrobial activity of nascent... 相似文献
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