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Ecosystem services and hydroelectricity in Central America: modelling service flows with fuzzy logic and expert knowledge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruno Locatelli Pablo Imbach Raffaele Vignola Marc J. Metzger Efraín José Leguía Hidalgo 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):393-404
Because ecosystem services are generally not produced and used in the same place, their assessment should consider the flows
of services from ecosystems to users. These flows depend on the characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems and
users, the spatial relationships between them, and the presence of filters or barriers between ecosystems and users. The objective
of this paper is to map the ecosystem services provided to the Costa Rican and Nicaraguan hydroelectric sectors, which are
crucial sectors for national sustainable development and depend directly on hydrological ecosystem services. The paper presents
an approach for modelling the flows of multiple services from diverse ecosystems to diverse users through different kinds
of filters in a landscape. The approach uses expert knowledge and fuzzy numbers to handle uncertainties. The analyses for
Costa Rica and Nicaragua show how the approach helps identify priority areas for the conservation and restoration of forests
for the services they provide to the hydroelectric sector. As such, it is a useful tool for defining spatially targeted policies
for the conservation of ecosystem services and for involving the users of ecosystem services in ecosystem management. 相似文献
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Will Simplified Modalities and Procedures Make More Small-Scale Forestry Projects Viable Under the Clean Development Mechanism? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bruno Locatelli Lucio Pedroni 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):621-643
Simplified modalities and procedures (M&P) are expected to increase the viability of small-scale project activities under
the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A small-scale afforestation or reforestation (AR) project is defined as a project removing
less than 8 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year. Depending on the project type and the method for measuring scale, 8 kilotons of CO2e per year correspond to highly diverse areas, possibly ranging from 200 to 6000 ha. Using a model to calculate the minimum
project scale above which the CDM is a positive financial incentive for eligible AR project activities, the paper analyzes
whether a reduction of transaction costs under simplified M&P will be a sufficient incentive to motivate small-scale participation
in the CDM. Model results show that, even under optimistic assumptions on carbon market conditions and transaction costs,
small-scale project activities will not benefit from simplified M&P. Results also show that project activities removing more
than 8 kilotons of CO2e per year and registered as small-scale would be the ones that could benefit the most from simplified M&P. It is concluded
that the participation of small-scale project activities to the CDM requires more than simplified M&P, the price of expiring
Certified Emission Reductions being one of the most critical parameters. 相似文献
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Vulnerability assessment is increasingly recognised as a starting point to identify climate adaptation needs and improve adaptive capacity. However, vulnerability assessments are challenging because of the complexity of multifaceted biophysical, human and institutional factors, interacting at different scales and levels within socio-ecological systems. Using a participatory approach across levels and genders, this paper explores the vulnerability of livestock- and forest-based livelihoods to climate variability and change in Lake Faguibine, northern Mali, where drastic ecological, political and social changes have occurred. Our results show that the distribution of vulnerabilities within livelihoods and groups shifted when the ecosystem evolved from a lake to a forest. New vulnerability drivers have emerged, related to resources availability, access and power relations. In addition, political interests and psychological barriers hinder the local transition to an equitable and sustainable use of forest ecosystem services. Divergent perceptions, social identities, interests and power explained why different actors—governmental and non-governmental, men and women, local, sub-national and national—differed in their vulnerability assessments. This is exemplified in the way actors at different levels and of different gender analysed the effects of herders’ mobility and in the way women analysed men’s migration. This case study confirms the need for participatory and gender-sensitive vulnerability assessments across different scales and levels that consider the interaction between socio-ecological systems and the dynamics and distribution of vulnerability across different social sub-systems. 相似文献
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Raffaele Vignola Bruno Locatelli Celia Martinez Pablo Imbach 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(8):691-696
In developing countries where economies and livelihoods depend largely on ecosystem services, policies for adaptation to climate
change should take into account the role of these services in increasing the resilience of society. This ecosystem-based approach
to adaptation was the focus of an international workshop on “Adaptation to Climate Change: the role of Ecosystem Services”
held in November 2008 in Costa Rica. This article presents the key messages from the workshop. 相似文献
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