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371.
372.
Kinetics of heterogeneous ozone reactions 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Earlier results on ozone destruction on solid surfaces gave apparent first order kinetics. Estimating the reaction kinetics from our data on ozone destruction on various powders (silica-gel, alumina, wood ash, coal ash, Saharan sand, calcite), we found that only calcite and wood ash exhibited such a behaviour. Removal of ozone by other powders used showed two straight lines in ln c-t plot with two different half-lives, t'(1/2) < t'(1/2). Comparing the kinetic constants for ozone removal on silica-gel and that of ozone reactions with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in submonolayer coverage on the same powder, the first reaction seems to be more likely in the case of pyrene and particularly fluoranthene. Enhanced ozone destruction on airborne aerosols could be an additional reason for fluoranthene stability in the real atmosphere. 相似文献
373.
Jasmina Mužinić 《The Environmentalist》1995,15(3):188-195
Summary Croatia, as a Mediterranean country in the south-eastern part of Europe, is an area with a characteristic flora and fauna. The ornithofauna of Croatia reflects that it is a breeding area for some of the globally endangered bird species, as well as a site for the spring/autumn passage and the wintering of European migratory birds. Many ornithologically significant localities are designated and there are 20 ornithological reserves and four wetland sites that are on the list of the Ramsar Convention.In Croatia, there are four governmental organizations dealing with scientific research on birds of which the Institute for Ornithology of the Croatian Academy, of Sciences and Arts is that with the longest tradition. There are also many non-governmental organizations dedicated to the protection of environment, but only the Croatian Society for Bird and Nature Protection is dedicated mostly to bird protection. There are not many sources of funding for research and the protection of birds; the chief source being the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of the Republic of Croatia.Croatia has to establish new legislation according to European criteria and The Hunting Law, The Nature Protection Law and The Environment Protection Law have been recently accepted in Parliament. International Conventions, such as Bern, Bonn and Washington, have yet to be adopted. Foreign, hunting tourism, especially organized by fishpond authorities, is believed to be killing large numbers of protected water birds. A red data book exists only for plants and mammals and this makes biological assessments difficult.With the end of military operations and the reintegration of the occupied areas of Croatia, an assessment of the damage to the national parks and nature reserves, and to nature in general, will be necessary. Bird and nature conservation in Croatia remains promising, provided the legal control of the Croatian government over the occupied parts of the country is restored soon and international organizations give assistance.Dr Jasmina Muini is Croatian by birth and she has studied in Paris, Oslo, and Zagred where she gained her PhD. She is a President of the Croatian Society for Bird and Nature Protection, a member of the Croatian Parliament Board for Environmental Protection, vice-president of the Scientific Council of the Zoological Garden in Zagreb, and a member of other Croatian environmental bodies. She is a leading authority on the ornithofauna of the Croatian wetlands. 相似文献
374.
Stambuk-Giljanović N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,104(1-3):235-268
The purpose of this study was to monitor and record the specific characteristics and properties of most of the important water resources in Dalmatia located in Southern Croatia for a period of 5 years (1998–2002) according to established standards for drinking water. The paper presents a detailed account of their chemical content, the classification and the concentration of salts. The bacteriological pollution levels are indicated by the total coliform bacterial levels (MPN coli/100 mL). The water characteristics are expressed by coefficients, which represent the ratios between water ingredients. The Ca/Mg eq ratio, SO4/Cl eq ratio and K1, K2 for bicarbonate hardness were calculated. The hygienic characteristics of the water samples were expressed by the total coliform bacteria estimation (MPN coli/100 mL), the permanganate consumption (KMnO4) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). Karst waters in Dalmatia are moderately hard, the SO4/Cl ratio is 0.38–1.6, non-corrosive (K1 lower than 0.2) and not significantly mineralised (< 500 mg/L minerals). Sulphate waters are generally hard, the SO4/Cl ratio is higher than 1.6, K1 is 0.2–0.65. Marine waters are quite hard or hard, particularly at the river estuaries, the SO4/Cl ratio is lower than 0.38, and K1 is higher than 0.65. The groundwater and springs in Dalmatia are less polluted than surface waters. A majority of these have a geometric average value of MPN coli < 150/100 mL of water observed in 24 of 42 locations studied. The highest bacteriological pollution was found in nine locations where MPN coli > 1000/100 mL and moderate pollution was found in nine locations where MPN coli is between 150 and 1000/100 mL of water. The physical and chemical parameters determined for the most sources in Dalmatia are safe below the international permissible limits. 相似文献
375.
Horvat M Jeran Z Spiric Z Jaćimović R Miklavcic V 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2000,2(2):139-144
This paper describes the use of epiphytic lichens as bioindicators for spatial monitoring of mercury and other elements in air near the natural gas treatment facilities at Molve, Croatia. It is well known that at this location the concentration of mercury in natural gas is very high and therefore it has to be removed from natural gas before further processing in order to prevent technological and environmental problems. In order to monitor the efficiency of an industrial facility for removal of mercury from natural gas, mercury measurements in air and lichens were performed during 9 months in 1997/1998. In situ lichens Parmelia sulcata, Xantoria parientina and Hypogymnia physodes and transplanted lichen species Hypogymnia physodes were used. A good correlation between mercury concentrations in air and lichens was found. The concentrations of barium and bromium were also significantly elevated in transplanted lichens, most probably related to technological process at the gas treatment plant and/or other geological factors. It was confirmed that lichens can successfully be used as bioindicators, provided a careful experiment is designed, particularly the amount of lichens transplanted, the duration of exposure and the initial levels and homogeneity of transplanted lichens. 相似文献
376.
Christopher Bone Suzana Dragićević Arthur Roberts 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(2):105-118
The objective of this study was to develop an integrated geographic information system (GIS) cellular automata (CA) model
for simulating insect-induced tree mortality patterns in order to evaluate the influence of different forest management activities
to control insect outbreaks. High-resolution multispectral images were used to determine susceptibility of trees to attack,
whereas the GIS-based CA model simulated the effectiveness of clear-cuts and thinning practices for reducing insect-induced
tree mortality. The results indicate that thinning susceptible forests should be more effective than clear-cutting for reducing
tree loss to insect outbreaks. This study demonstrates the benefits of an integrated approach for understanding and evaluating
forest management activities and expresses the need for spatial analysis and modeling for improving forest management practices. 相似文献
377.
Arsenic removal from water by chemisorption filters 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The concept of multiple separation by chemisorptive filters was applied and investigated in the process of arsenic removal from water. Chemisorption filters were made by the paper manufacturing method and consisted of cellulose, cationic and anionic ion exchangers, activated carbon and a corresponding chemical agent. In this work chemisorption filters were activated with Ag+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ ions, and their chemical contribution to total arsenic removal from the water was analyzed. It was concluded that Cu2+ ions exhibited the best removal effect. Using a chromatographic continuous system with multifunctional filters, which combines the effects of adsorption, ion exchange and filtration, a decrease in the arsenic concentration was determined; for an active layer of 8 mm and a contact time of 2 s it was more than 1000-fold. All processes were performed in batch and chromatographic continuous systems under equilibrium or dynamic conditions. The results of the investigations have shown that arsenic removal is valence dependent (the removal of pentavalent arsenic was more effective). The initial concentration, pH and pollutants in anionic forms, which affected the selectivity, were important for all the processes investigated. The mechanisms of pollutant removal were determined on the basis of measurements of active Cu2+ ion propagation inside the filter structure. By correlating the front propagation of active ions and the pollutant output concentration a more exact model for the removal process was obtained. 相似文献
378.
Saturated water solutions of calcium chloride, calcium bromide and their 1:1 mixture are commonly used as "high density brines" for pressure control in oil wells. To compare the effect of these chemicals of technical grade with the effect of the chemicals of analytical grade the Lemna test was used. The multiplication rate, fresh weight, dry to fresh weight ratio, area covered by plants and chlorophyll content were measured as toxicity parameters. The concentrations of tested chemicals were 0.025, 0.05. 0.075 and 0.1 mol dm(-3). Generally, the chemicals of both technical and analytical grade in concentrations of 0.025 mol dm(-3) stimulated the Lemna minor growth, while tested chemicals in concentrations of 0.05 mol dm(-3) did not affect the growth significantly. The exceptions were results obtained by measuring fresh weight. Most of tested chemicals in concentrations of 0.075 mol dm(-3) and all chemicals in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm(-3) reduced the growth. No major differences between effects of tested chemicals of technical and analytical grade on plant growth were observed, except that tested chemicals of analytical grade in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm(-3) increased dry to fresh weight ratio much stronger than chemicals of technical grade. All tested chemicals in all concentrations increased chlorophyll content. After treatment with chemicals of analytical grade much higher increase of chlorophyll a concentration in comparison to increase of chlorophyll b was noticed, while chemicals of technical grade caused more prominent increase of chlorophyll b. 相似文献
379.
Jovandićević B Antić MP Solević TM Vrvić MM Kronimus A Schwarzbauer J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(4):205-212
Background, Aims and Scope In oil spill investigations, one of the most important steps is a proper choice of approaches that imply an investigation
of samples taken from different sedimentary environments, samples of oil contaminants taken in different periods of time and
samples taken at different distances from the oil spill. In all these cases, conclusion on the influence of the environment,
microorganisms or migration on the oil contaminants' composition can be drawn from the comparison of chemical compositions
of the investigated contaminants. However, in case of water contaminants, it is very important to define which part of organic
matter has been analyzed. Namely, previous investigations showed that there were some differences in chemical composition
of the same oil contaminant depending on the intensity of its contact with ground water. The aim of this work is to define
more precisely the interactions between oil contaminant and water, i.e. the influence of the intensity of interaction between
the oil contaminant and water on its chemical composition. The study was based on a comparison of four fractionated extracts
of an oil pollutant, after they had been analyzed in details.
Methods Oil polluted surface water (wastewater canal, Pančevo, Serbia) was investigated. The study was based on a comparison of four
extracts of an oil contaminant: extract 1 (decanted part), and extracts 2, 3 and 4 (extracted by shaking for 1 minute, 5 minutes
and 24 hours, respectively). The fractionated extracts were saponified with a solution of KOH in methanol, and neutralized
with 10% hydrochloric acid. The products were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane, and individually fractionated
by column chromatography on alumina and silica gel (saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic, alcohol and fatty acid fractions). n-Alkanes
and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types, alcohols and fatty acids were analyzed
using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). δ13CPDB values of individual n-alkanes in
the aliphatic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-irmMS).
Results and discussion. Extracts 1 and 2 are characterized by uniform distribution of n-alkanes, whereas extract 3 is characterized
by an even-numbered members dominating the odd-ones, and extract 4 showed a bimodal distribution. Extract 1 is characterized
by the least negative δ13CPDB values of C19-C26 n-alkanes. Sterane and triterpane analysis confirmed that all extracts originated
from the same oil contaminant. n-Fatty acids, C19-C24, in all extracts are very low, being somewhat higher in extract 4. Even-numbered
n-alcohols, C12–C16, were identified in the highest concentration in extract 3. It was assumed that algae were responsible
for the composition of extract 3. Furthermore, a possible reason for higher concentrations of C19–C26 n-alkanes and C19–C24
fatty acids in extract 4 is the formation of inclusion compounds with colloidal micelles formed between the oil contaminant's
NSO-compounds and water.
Conclusion It was undoubtedly confirmed that there were specific differences in the compositions of the different extracts depending
on the intensity of the interaction between the oil contaminant and the surface water.
Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of
the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words,
extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water. 相似文献
380.
Nakićenović Nebojša Victor Nadejda Morita Tsuneyuki 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1998,3(2-4):95-131
This paper reviews and analyzes more than 400 scenarios of global and regional greenhouse gas emissions and their main driving forces - population, economy, energy intensity, and carbon intensity - drawn from an extensive literature survey and summarized in a database. This new and growing database is available online, which makes summary statistics on these scenarios widely available. The scenarios in the database were collected from almost 200 different literature sources and other scenario evaluation activities. The ultimate objective of the database is to include all relevant global and regional emissions scenarios. This paper shows how the database can be utilized for the analysis of greenhouse gas emissions ranges across the scenarios in the literature and for the analysis of their main driving forces. The scenarios in the database display a large range of future greenhouse gas emissions. Part of the range can be attributed to the different methods and models used to formulate the scenarios, which include simple spreadsheet models, macroeconomic models and systems-engineering models. However, most of the range is due to differences in the input assumptions for the scenarios, in particular of the main scenario driving forces. Special emphasis is given to an analysis of medians and ranges of scenario distributions and the distributions of the main scenario driving forces in the database. The analysis shows that the range for projected population increase in the world, across the scenarios in the database, is the smallest of all main driving forces (about a factor of 3 in 2100). The range of economic growth, measured by the gross world product, and the range of primary energy consumption vary by a factor of 10 in 2100. Carbon intensity of energy, an indicator of the degree of technological change, varies by nearly two orders of magnitude in the year 2100. In addition, this paper presents the first attempt to analyze the relationships among the main scenario driving forces. Subsequent papers in this special issue give further analyses of the relationships among the main scenario driving forces and their other relevant characteristics. 相似文献