十六烷值对甲醇/生物柴油排放污染物影响的试验研究

在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测定了柴油机燃用十六烷值分别为46、50、55的甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物及燃油消耗.考察了十六烷值对柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油的排放污染物、经济性的影响.结果表明:在标定工况时,当甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值为46、50、55时,NOx浓度分别为155×10-6、142×10-6、135×10-6;烟度分别为3.4、2.3、3.0;HC浓度分别为89×10-6、193×10-6、284×10-6;CO浓度分别为0.5%、0.8%、1.2%.随着甲醇/生物柴油十六烷值的增加,柴油机排放污染物中的NOx浓度和烟度降低,但HC和CO浓度增加.甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值不能过高,否则会使柴油机排放污染物急剧增加.     

乌鲁木齐市大气中苯系物主动与被动采样法监测对比研究

2012年采暖期对乌鲁木齐市区21个采样点空气中的苯系物(甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯)进行了主动和被动监测。结果表明:主动采样法得甲苯最大浓度为302.00μg/m3,乙苯最大浓度为44.00μg/m3,二甲苯最大浓度为94.00μg/m3,苯乙烯最大浓度为203.00μg/m3;被动采样法得甲苯最大浓度为28.62μg/m3,乙苯最大浓度为63.35μg/m3,二甲苯最大浓度为133.74μg/m3,苯乙烯最大浓度为31.68μg/m3。被动采样法的数据是一个月的平均浓度,能更客观的反映采样点的污染情况,推荐在大范围采样时采用;主动采样法是瞬时浓度,虽数值较大,但与被动法有一定的相关性,也能在一定程度上反映采样点的污染情况。     

Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation

Nanotechnology has revolutionized plethora of scientific and technological fields; environmental safety is no exception. One of the most promising and well- developed environmental applications of nanotechnology has been in water remediation and treatment where different nanomaterials can help purify water through different mechanisms including adsorption of heavy metals and other pollutants, removal and inactivation of patho- gens and transformation of toxic materials into less toxic compounds. For this purpose, nanomaterials have been produced in different shapes, integrated into various composites and functionalized with active components. Nanomaterials have also been incorporated in nanostructured catalytic membranes which can in turn help enhance water treatment. In this article, we have provided a succinct review of the most common and popular nanomaterials （titania, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, zero-valent iron, dendrimers and silver nanomaterials） which are currently used in environmental remediation and particularly in water purification. The catalytic properties and functionalities of the mentioned materials have also been discussed.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤CH4排放的影响

鉴于氮肥施用对农田CH₄排放的影响还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002年在南京农业大学实施.选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高3个不同氮肥水平,施入尿素量分别为0 g/盆钵(对照) ,0.64g/盆钵,(低氮水平) ,1.28g/盆钵(中氮水平) ,1.93g/盆钵(高氮水平) .结果表明在水稻生长季,不同氮肥(尿素)施用量对稻田土壤CH₄排放影响表现为不同土壤之间,及不同氮肥水平之间CH₄排放均存在显著差异.无氮肥施入的情况下,3种土壤的CH₄季节性累积排放量存在显著差异,分别为6.7g/m²,12.6g/m² 和8.3g/m².施加氮肥后,3种土壤的CH4排放量随氮肥施入量的增加,均表现为降低趋势,不同土壤CH₄排放量存在差异,土壤背景氮含量最高的F(江苏溧水)土壤的CH4排放都比相应氮肥水平下的G(江苏涟水)和H(江苏农科院)土壤的CH₄排放低1倍左右.更进一步发现从低氮到中氮水平,3种土壤CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加降低幅度最大,而此时各土壤的NH₄-N含量随氮肥用量增加明显提高,推断造成CH₄排放降低的主要可能原因是各土壤的氨态氮含量的增加所致.从中氮到高氮水平3种土壤的CH₄排放量的变化不尽相同,G和H土壤的CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加而降低,而F土壤在中氮和高氮水平下的CH4排放量没有明显变化,值分别为30g/m².     

英国本费尔德灾害研究中心

英国本费尔德灾害研究中心位于伦敦大学学院内,是欧洲多学科灾害重点研究中心之一。该中心有40多名研究和从业人员,主要任务是推进自然灾害和危险性评估方法的改进,并通过快速应用新的研究和实践结果,降低自然灾难的发生。同时,该机构也承担着将学术领域内重要的自然灾害和危险性研究成果、实践经验和发明推向企业、政府和国际社会的职责,     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

在土壤及底泥重金属测定中不同前处理和分析方法的比较

采用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸、硝酸-双氧水和王水3种酸消解体系,电热板和全自动石墨消解仪两种方式对样品进行前处理,原子吸收和ICP-MS两种测定方法对土壤和底泥国家标准样品以及实际样品中重金属进行测定.结果表明,硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系可以使样品完全分解,王水浸提土壤和底泥样品的效率在60.6%—87.7%之间,是硝酸-双氧水浸提率的1.3倍.全自动石墨消解仪和电热板相比受热均匀、操作简单,原子吸收和ICP-MS均可对前处理后的土壤和底泥样品进行准确测定,不同实验室可根据硬件条件选用不同的分析方法.     

乌鲁木齐市采暖期大气PM2.5-10、PM2.5中重金属和多环芳烃的分布及其相关性

目前国内对可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究很多,不少城市(如上海、北京、广州等)对PAHs的时空分布特征及其来源进行分析.虽然,乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物中重金属的浓度及粒径分布已作研究[1],但有关PAHs的分布特征及可吸入颗粒物中PAHs与重金属的相关性报道则鲜见.