Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

从放射地球化学资料看含金花岗岩类的形成条件和标志

<正> 金矿化作用和花岗岩类岩浆作用的联系问题,在任何一个金矿省均未得到最终解决。有关含金岩浆的形成条件及其标志问题,仍然是有争议的。这就要求人们在研究已知的特别是那些在地质-地球物理学、岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学诸方面,在岩浆作用与金矿化作用的联系和金矿化相对于岩浆体的分带性等方面研究得最多的一些对象时,寻找新的途径和分析方法。别列左夫斯基矿床就属于这类研究得详尽的对象之一,它产于穿过沙尔塔什花岗岩类岩体附近沉积-     

温度对自然金成色影响的实验研究

<正> 自然金的化学成分是其形成条件的最重要的标志。自然材料的研究及实验资料表明,金的成色除取决于溶液中金和银的浓度比以外,还取决于其他许多因素,包括热液温度、氧化还原条件、酸碱条件和热液阴阳离子成分等参数。成矿沉积时的温度条件基本上决定了金银元素的类质同象混溶性和金-银系列矿物的成色。同时,温度还以各种方式影响着不同成分的溶液中各金属元素的沉淀和结晶的动力学特征。目前,解决自然金成分与其沉淀温度相互     

一九八一年碎屑岩概况

<正> 一九八一年碎屑沉积学的研究表现出了持续的、生气勃勃的特点。新的海洋技术,强有力的分析方法的出现,以及人们对海底上下经济矿床所表现出的不衰的兴趣,使我们对深海斜坡和陆架沉积物迁移和沉积环境的认识有了惊人的进步。由于有关的经济原因,对于碎屑岩海岸的研究继续在进行,并且由于越来越     

二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响

采用发光细菌试验和umu试验,分别考察了二氧化氯投加量和反应时间对污水二氧化氯消毒后急性毒性和遗传毒性变化的影响.结果表明,随着二氧化氯消毒剂投加量的增加,消毒后水样的急性毒性不断增大,但遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.随着反应时间的延长,二氧化氯的消耗量不断增大,消毒后水样的急性毒性先增大后减小,遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.由于消毒条件对污水急性毒性和遗传毒性有着不同的影响,说明污水中产生急性毒性和产生遗传毒性的物质不同,对于某一种污水,通过控制消毒条件可以使消毒后污水的急性毒性和遗传毒性都较低.     

乌鲁木齐市空气质量变化趋势分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市2001-2005年空气中SO2、NO2、PM10、降尘等大气污染物监测数据进行分析,介绍了乌鲁木齐市大气环境污染特征,并结合当地能源结构、地理位置、气候特征、城市环境综合发展水平,指出影响乌鲁木齐市空气质量的主要因素,为防治或减轻乌鲁木齐市的空气污染提供了科学依据.     

北京市大气PM2.5中矿物成分的污染特征

为了解北京市大气细粒子中矿物成分的浓度水平和污染特征,在清华园和车公庄进行了连续1a的PM_2.5累积周采样和全样品分析.Al、Si、Ca、Mg和Fe等地壳元素的周变化相似,最大周均浓度均出现在春季有强沙尘天气的一周;其季节变化显著,显示季节性的源排放以及气象条件对矿物成分的含量影响显著.土壤尘的季节平均浓度从夏季逐步上升,至次年春季达到最高(21.1 μg·m^-3),表明春季频繁发生的沙尘天气对土壤尘细粒子有重要贡献.大量的建筑活动可能大大增加了北京细粒子中Ca的负荷,应加强其排放控制.     

半干旱半湿润地区HSPF模型水文模拟及参数不确定性研究

本研究选取半干旱半湿润地区北京妫水河流域2005—2007年和2008年月径流数据为率定期和验证期,建立HSPF水文模型进行径流模拟,结合人工率定和PEST自动率定程序进行参数优选,并通过GLUE方法分析模型参数不确定性.通过Monte-Carlo随机采样得到30000组参数组合,分析参数与似然值散点图,把参数分为敏感参数(LZSN、AGWRC)、区间敏感参数(BASETP)和不敏感参数(AGWETP、INFILT、CEPSC、DEEPFR、UZSN、INTFW、IRC).针对比较敏感的参数LZSN、AGWRC和BASETP分析其相关性,发现LZSN和AGWRC相关性较强.模型存在大量"异参同效"现象,表明影响结果的是参数组合而不是单一参数.进一步计算90%置信度下的不确定性范围,发现不确定性范围与径流大小密切相关,径流愈大其不确定性范围愈大,反之亦然.本文对参数不确定的分析研究可为HSPF模型在区域尺度水文预测等提供参考和依据.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤CH4排放的影响

鉴于氮肥施用对农田CH₄排放的影响还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002年在南京农业大学实施.选取3个供试土壤,各土壤设置对照和低、中、高3个不同氮肥水平,施入尿素量分别为0 g/盆钵(对照) ,0.64g/盆钵,(低氮水平) ,1.28g/盆钵(中氮水平) ,1.93g/盆钵(高氮水平) .结果表明在水稻生长季,不同氮肥(尿素)施用量对稻田土壤CH₄排放影响表现为不同土壤之间,及不同氮肥水平之间CH₄排放均存在显著差异.无氮肥施入的情况下,3种土壤的CH₄季节性累积排放量存在显著差异,分别为6.7g/m²,12.6g/m² 和8.3g/m².施加氮肥后,3种土壤的CH4排放量随氮肥施入量的增加,均表现为降低趋势,不同土壤CH₄排放量存在差异,土壤背景氮含量最高的F(江苏溧水)土壤的CH4排放都比相应氮肥水平下的G(江苏涟水)和H(江苏农科院)土壤的CH₄排放低1倍左右.更进一步发现从低氮到中氮水平,3种土壤CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加降低幅度最大,而此时各土壤的NH₄-N含量随氮肥用量增加明显提高,推断造成CH₄排放降低的主要可能原因是各土壤的氨态氮含量的增加所致.从中氮到高氮水平3种土壤的CH₄排放量的变化不尽相同,G和H土壤的CH₄排放量随氮肥用量的增加而降低,而F土壤在中氮和高氮水平下的CH4排放量没有明显变化,值分别为30g/m².