Landscape context and scale differentially impact coffee leaf rust, coffee berry borer, and coffee root-knot nematodes

Crop pest and disease incidences at plot scale vary as a result of landscape effects. Two main effects can be distinguished. First, landscape context provides habitats of variable quality for pests, pathogens, and beneficial and vector organisms. Second, the movements of these organisms are dependent on the connectivity status of the landscape. Most of the studies focus on indirect effects of landscape context on pest abundance through their predators and parasitoids, and only a few on direct effects on pests and pathogens. Here we studied three coffee pests and pathogens, with limited or no pressure from host-specific natural enemies, and with widely varying life histories, to test their relationships with landscape context: a fungus, Hemileia vastatrix, causal agent of coffee leaf rust; an insect, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Their incidence was assessed in 29 coffee plots from Turrialba, Costa Rica. In addition, we characterized the landscape context around these coffee plots in 12 nested circular sectors ranging from 50 to 1500 m in radius. We then performed correlation analysis between proportions of different land uses at different scales and coffee pest and disease incidences. We obtained significant positive correlations, peaking at the 150 m radius, between coffee berry borer abundance and proportion of coffee in the landscape. We also found significant positive correlations between coffee leaf rust incidence and proportion of pasture, peaking at the 200 m radius. Even after accounting for plot level predictors of coffee leaf rust and coffee berry borer through covariance analysis, the significance of landscape structure was maintained. We hypothesized that connected coffee plots favored coffee berry borer movements and improved its survival. We also hypothesized that wind turbulence, produced by low-wind-resistance land uses such as pasture, favored removal of coffee leaf rust spore clusters from host surfaces, resulting in increased epidemics. In contrast, root-knot nematode population density was not correlated to landscape context, possibly because nematodes are almost immobile in the soil. We propose fragmenting coffee plots with forest corridors to control coffee berry borer movements between coffee plots without favoring coffee leaf rust dispersal.     

Non-timber forest products and village livelihoods in Rajasthan,India: adaptation in a changing environment

This paper presents the results of research conducted between 2009 and 2014 in the village of Khanda Sharol in the state of Rajasthan, India. Our research objective was to determine how the livelihoods of village residents have been affected by the intensification of forest use, and the resulting loss of domestic access to traditionally used forest resources. Results indicate that changes in forest cover have resulted in a loss of livelihood options for village residents. Yet rather than being victimized by environmental change processes, this paper shows how villagers have responded by partnering with public and private actors to develop a community protected forest area that is now helping villagers to meet their livelihood needs. These findings suggest that sustainable livelihoods in rural regions of India require committed and scaled approaches involving local, public, and private actors.     

生物炭对含As(Ⅲ)水铁矿还原过程中砷形态及矿物转化的影响

生物炭的施用对土壤铁（氢）氧化物还原、砷（As）的形态转化有重要作用,极大地影响了As的环境行为.本文研究了生物炭/AQDS （蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐）对含As （Ⅲ）水铁矿化学还原和异化还原的影响,探索了由此产生的非生物和生物过程中Fe和As的形态转化及次生矿物的形成.结果表明,生物炭和AQDS的添加可以促进水铁矿的化学还原和As （Ⅲ）的化学氧化,AQDS促进水铁矿化学还原和As释放的能力强,生物炭促进As形态转化的能力强;生物组在添加Shewanella oneidensis MR-1后发现,生物炭和AQDS的添加可以促进Fe （Ⅱ）的生成,AQDS的添加促进Fe （Ⅱ）的生成、As形态转化和释放的能力要高于生物炭.EEM结果表明,生物炭产生的DOM可以与溶液中的物质发生氧化还原作用从而被消耗.循环伏安曲线在0.25 V处观察到一个小而宽的阳极峰（B）,可能对应了As （Ⅲ）氧化为As （V）.XRD结果显示AQDS处理的非生物组和生物组出现了蓝铁矿,表明AQDS可以促进次生矿物的生成.EDX-SEM结果表明,新矿物的生成有利于As的固定（BCF：0.73%相似文献   

基于突变级数法的企业应急动态能力评价研究

针对企业开展应急能力评价不够科学、合理的问题,在相关理论研究基础上,提出1种将突变级数方法和动态能力理论相结合的企业应急能力评价方法。基于突变级数方法,构建企业应急能力的突变评价模型;采用动态能力理论,从感知、整合、重构和学习4个方面建立企业应急动态能力评价指标体系,给出具体评价步骤;改进评价方法并进行实例分析。研究结果表明:该方法对评价企业应急动态能力具有一定的参考价值。     

中国实现碳达峰的政策建议——基于碳定价机制模型的多情景模拟分析

碳定价机制是利用市场机制推动碳减排、减缓气候变化方案的核心内容,包括碳排放权交易和碳税等措施。尽管新冠肺炎疫情打乱了经济发展节奏,但是中国主动提高国家自主贡献力度,积极推进战略提升与政策强化。本研究构建并运用"碳定价机制模型"模拟涵盖不同主体范围及政策组合下的碳排放权交易市场运行情况,分析评估碳减排效果及经济影响,为丰富完善我国实现碳达峰的政策工具提供技术支持。     

上海市夏季臭氧污染特征及削峰方案

随着大气污染治理措施的不断推进,近年来上海市PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的下降趋势,但O₃污染现象依然频发,因此分析O₃污染发生规律,科学制定O₃削峰方案是目前亟需解决的问题.本研究以2017年7月为例,期间长三角17个城市累计O₃污染天数165 d,其中上海最为严重,7月超标率为64.5%,分析前体物浓度和气象要素,主要是由于高温、低湿、小风不利气象条件和较高的前体物排放共同导致,期间上海市NO₂平均浓度为27.1 μg·m^-3,VOCs体积分数为22.5×10^-9.通过WRF-CMAQ情景模拟,仅上海进行前体物削减,对区域性O₃污染控制较为有限,建议多城市共同削减,上海及邻近周边9城市削减VOCs排放30%,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度可下降7.2%,如果扩大到17个城市削减,上海O₃日最大8 h浓度降幅为7.8%.同时建议严格控制前体物削减比例,VOCs ：NO_x削减比例应大于3 ：1,否则会导致部分地区O₃浓度反弹.     

阿克苏河年径流变化的非线性特征

以阿克苏河流域的托什干河、库玛拉克河和阿克苏河干流为例,基于1957-2008年的径流序列,运用小波分析和R/S分析方法分析了阿克苏河径流过程的非线性特征,揭示了流域径流的变化规律,得出以下结论:①库玛拉克河、托什干河及阿克苏河干流的年径流序列均呈增加的趋势,且都以20世纪80年代后期为分界点分为两个阶段:前期径流较少,处于枯水期;后期径流较多,处于丰水期。②阿克苏河流域年径流量变化存在较长周期,长周期中又包含着短周期;其中,18 a和22 a的周期贯穿于整个时间序列,为流域径流的第一主周期。③流域内三条河流各个时段径流量的Hurst指数值几乎都大于0.5,表明流域径流的时间序列具有长期持续的特征;从各条河流最后一个时段的Hurst指数可以推断,在2008年后的一段时间里流域径流量将会继续保持增加趋势。     

城市化对流域生态系统服务价值空间异质性的影响——以南京市九乡河流域为例

以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,在调整生态系统服务价值系数的基础上,计算流域生态系统服务价值,并利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能,研究流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其变化,以及城市化与生态系统服务价值之间的关系。结果表明:2003-2009年,流域生态系统服务价值损失2.63%,达643.1×10⁴元,其中上游生态系统服务价值增加1.57%,而中游和下游则分别减少2.18%和10.58%,耕地流失是中游、下游和流域总生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因;食物生产、保持土壤等单项生态系统服务价值降低,而水文调节和提供美学功能的生态服务价值增加;九乡河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性发生了明显的变化,生态系统服务价值降低的区域主要集中在下游的仙林大学城以及中游靠近主城区的西村一带,而升高的区域主要分布在九乡河沿岸;城市化对流域生态系统服务价值的负效应明显。制定严格的生态规划,加强对流域开发建设的分类指导,是恢复和维护九乡河流域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

Screening of phthalic acid esters in raw materials,premixes and feed additives

Phthalates are animal carcinogens and may cause death or tissue deformities. Samples of feedstuffs collected in 2005 and 2006 from industrial feed manufacturers in the Czech Republic were analysed for contamination with phthalic acid esters (PAEs), specifically di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Samples of feed additives, premixes and raw materials were collected (year 2005, n = 26). For soybean oil, the total volume of phthalates measured (DBP + DEHP) reached a level of 131.42 mg kg⁻¹; for rapeseed oil, fish meal and animal fats, the levels measured were 15.00, 7.96 and 58.87 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The lowest level of DBP + DEHP was found in corn (2.03 mg kg⁻¹). Since phthalates were detected, samples of feed additives (n = 28) and raw materials (n = 28) were collected again in 2006. The highest levels of DBP + DEHP were found in raw materials containing fat. Phthalate levels in rapeseed oil samples ranged from 1.38 to 32.40 mg kg⁻¹ DBP + DEHP. For feed additives, contamination levels in vitamins and amino acids ranged from 0.06 to 3.15 and 1.76 to 4.52 mg kg⁻¹ DBP + DEHP, respectively. Here, we show that the levels of PAEs found in cereals such as wheat, barley and corn may be regarded as being alarmingly high, because cereals make up the largest proportion of compound feed of farm animals.     

光催化技术降解水中环境药物的研究进展

环境水体中检测到大量药物的存在,主要包括抗生素,抗惊厥抗抑郁药物,解热和非甾体消炎药,血脂调整剂,β-阻滞剂等。传统的水处理技术并不能有效地去除这些药物,存在于水体中的环境药物对公共健康的潜在危害引起了广泛的关注。文中简要地介绍了近年来光催化技术在降解环境药物动力学和机理方面的研究进展,试图找出水体中环境药物降解的一般规律,为环境水体中该类物质的迁移和转化提供理论依据。