危险化学品事故应急反应大气扩散模型及系统概述

介绍了大气扩散模型的类型,以及当前应用较为广泛的SLAB、DEGADIS、ALOHA、ARCHIE等应急反应大气扩散模型,概述了当前国际上较为知名的HGSYSTEM系统、NAME系统、SAFER系统、NARAC实时操作应急系统、CAMEO系统、GASTAR系统、GASMAL系统的结构与应用进展。指出应加强应急反应大气扩散模型和系统的研究与应用,建立健全应急反应体系,实现对突发性化学事故的有效控制。     

Trace metal fractionation in the Pichavaram mangrove–estuarine sediments in southeast India after the tsunami of 2004

The geochemistry of coastal sediments of southern India was altered after the tsunami in 2004. A five-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to assess the effects of tsunami on mobility and redistribution of selected elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Ten surface sediments and three cores were analyzed for different metal fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, reduced, oxidized, and residual). Total metal concentrations increased in mangrove sediments after the tsunami, but their spatial distribution did not show significant variation (except Mn). The sediments were mixed by the tsunami, and there was lack of variation in metal concentrations in different fractions with depth (except Pb and Mn). High concentrations of Pb and Zn occurred in the oxide fractions, whereas Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni were high in the organic and sulfide-rich fractions. Metals in the residual fraction (lattice bound) had the highest concentration suggesting their non-availability and limited biological uptake in the system. Most of the metals (except Mn) do not constitute a risk based on the different geochemical indices.     

Utility of cefixime as a complexing reagent for the determination of Ni(II) in synthetic mixture and water samples

A simple, sensitive, and accurate UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of nickel in synthetic mixture and water samples. The method is based on the complexation reaction of nickel ion with cefixime, thus leading to the formation of Ni–cefixime complex in ethanol-distilled water medium at room temperature. The complex showed the maximum absorption wavelength at 332 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the working concentration range of 0.447–4.019 μg?mL^?1 with apparent molar absorptivity of 7.314?×?10³?L?mol^?1?cm^?1 and Sandell’s sensitivity of 0.008 μg/cm²/0.001 absorbance unit. The limits of detection and quantitation for the proposed method are 0.016 and 0.054 μg?mL^?1, respectively. The factors such as cefixime concentration and solvent affecting the complexation reaction were carefully studied and optimized. The method is validated as per the International Conference on Harmonisation guideline. The method is successfully applied to the determination of Ni(II) in synthetic mixture and wadi water samples collected from Al Rustaq. The same water samples are also analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both methods determined the amount of Ni(II) in water sample and found to be approximately the same.     

我国环保投资趋势及其存在的问题

对2005—2011年我国环保投资总额、构成及各地区投资情况进行分析,以揭示环保投资变化趋势及存在的问题,并提出改进建议。研究表明,我国环保投资总体呈增长趋势,但污染治理投资有效规模仍显不足;各地区环保投资差异性较大,东部地区环保投资比重高于中西部地区;环保投资主要集中在水、大气污染治理,受政策引导明显。     

Transformation of nitrogen dioxide into ozone and prediction of ozone concentrations using multiple linear regression techniques

Analysis and forecasting of air quality parameters are important topics of atmospheric and environmental research today due to the health impact caused by air pollution. This study examines transformation of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) into ozone (O₃) at urban environment using time series plot. Data on the concentration of environmental pollutants and meteorological variables were employed to predict the concentration of O₃ in the atmosphere. Possibility of employing multiple linear regression models as a tool for prediction of O₃ concentration was tested. Results indicated that the presence of NO₂ and sunshine influence the concentration of O₃ in Malaysia. The influence of the previous hour ozone on the next hour concentrations was also demonstrated.     

佛山市PM_(2.5)污染特征及诱发其高污染过程天气系统分析

利用2013年佛山市8个国控大气自动监测站点ρ(PM_(2.5))监测数据,分析佛山市PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布特征,并诊断诱发PM_(2.5)高污染过程的关键天气类型。结果表明,佛山市2013年PM_(2.5)年均值为53μg/m3,高于国家二级标准,污染主要集中在三水区中部、南海区中部和禅城区北部。佛山市ρ(PM_(2.5))表现出明显的季节变化和日变化特征,秋、冬季是PM_(2.5)的高污染季节,其值夜间略高于白天,呈典型的双峰型分布,08:00—09:00短暂出现一个浓度的小峰值,推测与上班交通高峰有关。对PM_(2.5)持续高污染发生的地面天气形势分析表明,高压出海是诱发佛山市PM_(2.5)高污染事件最主要的天气类型。     

耦合技术对炼化企业蒸汽吹扫废气的处理

为了解决炼化企业停车检修蒸汽吹扫废气难处理这一行业难题,采用喷淋水洗、膜分离、低温催化氧化组成的移动式废气处理技术,对某炼厂裂解重馏分罐蒸汽蒸煮和吹扫过程所产生废气进行处理。结果表明:进气非甲烷总烃浓度可达24 000 mg·m~(-3),温度为80～95℃;尾气中非甲烷总烃指标全部低于12 mg·m~(-3),去除率达99%以上,烃类物质的回收率可达75%;喷淋单元的功能是降低废气温度,去除酸性气体并回收重质烃类;膜分离单元有效提升装置运行稳定性,提高有机物回收效率;低温催化技术可对不可凝烃类进行深度处理。该处理技术能够为困扰炼厂的停检修蒸汽吹扫废气的治理提供参考。     

SBR串联生物强化稳定塘处理养猪废水工艺优化

针对亚热带地区某规模化养猪场SBR处理低碳氮比(C/N)沼液出水不达标的问题,研究了以乙酸钠为速效碳源时其投加量对SBR运行效果的影响,并采用4级串联生物强化稳定塘工艺对SBR出水进行强化处理。结果表明:当乙酸钠投加量为400 mg·L~(-1)时,SBR工艺对COD、氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别从16%±1%、25%±4%和14%±1%提高到了32%±1%、55%±2%、27%±4%;串联生物强化稳定塘(BSPs)工艺对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的平均去除率达到了65%±2%、80%±4%、79%±3%和83%±4%,出水平均浓度分别为(155±5)、(67±2)、(89±2)和(6±1) mg·L~(-1),均可满足《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001)的要求。以生物膜和双穗雀稗构成的前2级生物强化稳定塘系统对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的消纳量分别占整个串联稳定塘系统消纳量的57%、50%、51%和81%。进一步分析可知,串联生物强化稳定塘工艺对养猪废水主要污染物(COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷)的去除效果显著,采用此技术可实现废水的达标排放。     

赤水河流域枯水期水环境质量评价研究

赤水河是长江上游唯一没有筑坝的一级支流,是长江上游珍惜特有鱼类自然保护区,被誉为美酒河、美景河、英雄河和生态河,具有重要的保护价值。选取枯水期赤水河为研究对象,进行全流域的采样与分析,总计37个采样点。运用箱线图直观表现出各个水质指标的分布情况,并运用综合水质标识指数法得出赤水河枯水期的水质类别,进行水质定性评价,然后根据水质标识指数的变化分析了赤水河干流的水质空间分布变化特征。结果表明：赤水河水质总体较为良好,流域总体水质标识指数X1.X2为16;干流的水质标识指数X1.X2为15;各个支流来看,桐梓河、古蔺河和习水河的水质标识指数X1.X2分别为15、17和15,均为Ⅰ类水,水质与干流差别不大,但是盐津河污染较为严重,X1.X2为32,为Ⅲ类水,特别是TP浓度达到06 mg/L。各个采样点水质评价结果均为优秀（源头除外）。另外城镇污水对赤水河的影响不容忽视,要提高警惕,限制或减少城镇污水的排放     

不同污泥颗粒的干燥特性分析

选取典型的生活污水污泥和造纸污泥进行干燥特性分析,对比了干燥过程中的水分析出特性、污泥球体中心温度变化和物理性质变化。结果表明,无论是生活污水污泥还是造纸污泥,在干燥过程中等速干燥阶段都不明显,而造纸污泥更快达到最大干燥速率,更快进入降速干燥阶段;造纸污泥球的中心温度在高温(250℃)干燥条件下还存在超温的现象,即污泥球中心温度在某段时间内高于干燥温度,形成了蓄热内核;干燥过程中,造纸污泥水分的析出是依靠层层传递,污泥球结构稳定收缩,缩容率相对较小,最终收缩成一硬核;生活污水污泥在干燥中缩容率相对较大,水分析出伴随着外壳的破裂,内层与外界可直接进行热传递交换,干燥后结团性能差,疏散度高,不易定型。