兰州市耕地“五毒”重金属的风险评价与归因分析

耕地土壤的重金属有可能通过食物链网迁移转化危害生态环境和人体健康.目前,人们对兰州市耕地土壤重金属的生态环境和人体健康风险还不够清楚,从而影响对其有效管控.因此,以兰州市耕地表层土壤为研究对象,采用潜在生态风险危害指数评价As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb共5种重金属的生态环境风险,以USEPA提出的健康风险模型和推荐的标准评估其人体健康风险,用地理探测器探究风险空间分异的主要影响因子,以便为研究区重金属污染风险的精准管控提供科学依据.结果表明,研究区耕地表层土壤重金属对生态环境风险主要为中风险（65.25%）,少部分为低风险（13.80%）和高风险（20.95%）,低风险区主要位于永登县东南部、榆中县中部和北部以及皋兰县西南部;中等风险区在三县五区均有分布;高风险区位于永登县北和东南部、城关区南部、七里河东北部、西固区东部和榆中县中部.5种重金属不同暴露途径的非致癌与致癌风险均为：经口摄入>皮肤接触>呼吸摄入,总体上儿童高于成人.但是,"五毒"重金属的非致癌风险HI均小于1,表明它们对当地居民不存在不可接受的非致癌风险.As的致癌风险分别大于1×10^-5（儿童2.04×10^-5）和小于1×10^-4（成人1.91×10^-5）,说明其对当地居民存在可接受的中等致癌风险,且儿童的大于成人.地理探测器分析表明,采样季平均降水量对As和Cd人体健康风险空间分异的影响最大,GDP对Cr风险空间分异的影响最大,距铁路距离对Hg和Pb风险空间分异的影响最大;交互作用探测表明,各因子之间均为双因子增强,除主导因子起作用外,pH值、坡度和海拔高度等其它因子也会增强主导因子对耕地土壤重金属风险空间分异的影响程度.     

泰安市冬季一次严重空气污染过程分析

为揭示泰安市空气污染形成原因,选取泰安市2016年12月一次严重空气污染过程,利用泰安市2016年12月地面和探空资料及NCEP/NCAR（美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心）提供的FNL资料,对泰安市严重污染期间大气环流形势、边界层条件、污染源及传输路径进行分析.结果表明:在泰安市霾污染期间,500 hPa大气环流形势呈"两槽一脊"的特征,850 hPa泰安市处于南支槽前,受西南暖湿气流影响,为ρ（PM_2.5）的升高提供了有利条件;泰安市近地面处于高压控制下的弱风区（平均风速约为1.2 m/s）且边界层有逆温层存在,阻碍了PM_2.5的垂直输送,造成近地面ρ（PM_2.5）急剧升高.此外,泰安市及周边地区污染严重,聚类分析结果表明此次过程本地输送占比约为34%,其余均为外来传输,即污染物主要通过外来源传输,本地污染源贡献比率较小.污染物的高、低空传输路径不一致,低空污染物主要从安徽省水平输送至泰安市,高空污染物则先由河北省、河南省向南传输至安徽省、湖北省等地,再随南风气流向北输送至泰安市.研究显示,外来污染源传输作用配合本地静稳天气形势是造成此次泰安市空气污染的主要原因.      

土壤镉污染修复方法及生物修复研究进展

土壤镉污染主要由人为活动引起,镉在土壤环境体系中存在复杂多变的形态,文章介绍了土壤镉污染对生物体的危害性及其修复方法,综述了生物修复技术处理镉污染土壤的研究进展,并提出了展望。     

Organochlorinated contaminants in decapod crustaceans from the coasts of Brittany and Normandy (France)

The contamination and distribution of organochlorinated compounds were considered in three crustacean species (edible crab, Cancer pagurus; spider crab, Maja brachydactyla; velvet swimming crab, Necora puber) from five sites along the coasts of Brittany and Normandy (Western and North-Western France). PCBs (16 single congeners), pp'-DDE and HCB were measured in hepatopancreas, gonads and muscle: in all, 175 samples were analysed. The spider crab was the only species found in the five sampling sites, thus enabling comparison between areas. Specimens from Antifer were much more contaminated (summation operator 16 PCBs in hepatopancreas=2000-4000 ng g(-1) dry weight) than those from other sites (50-1000 ng g(-1) d.w.). Among all the three species, the spider crab appeared more contaminated by PCBs than the edible crab, by a factor 2-3, probably in relation with specific differences in their life cycle. There was no difference due to the gender of the species. Within the different analysed tissues, contamination levels increased from muscle to gonads and hepatopancreas in relation with the fat content. A very similar PCB composition was observed in all samples, PCB fingerprints being characterised by the relative importance of the more persistent PCB congeners: CB153, 138, 180, 187, and 118. Finally, these results were compared to recent food regulations first of maximum marker PCB intake and secondly of maximum dioxin-like PCB intake. By considering the muscle, all samples were far below the regulatory limits; for hepatopancreas and gonads, however, some samples were unfit for human consumption.     

杭州市环境空气中黑碳质量浓度变化特征

采用2013年环境空气自动监测数据,分析杭州市空气中黑碳质量浓度的变化规律,并对变化特征的产生原因进行探讨。结果表明:黑碳测定年均值为4.10μg/m3,日变化有明显双峰结构,峰值出现在早7时和晚8时左右;从季节看,黑碳质量浓度冬季高(5.20μg/m3)、夏季低(3.00μg/m3);黑碳质量浓度与NO2、CO、PM10、PM2.5显著相关,与O3、风速、气温呈负相关,降水对黑碳的清除作用明显。     

风力发电机组低电压穿越能力的试验分析

针对多起因系统故障引起电压跌落,导致风力发电机组脱网事故,对风电机组的低电压穿越能力进行分析,采用风电机组低电压穿越移动测试装置对风电机组进行低电压穿越能力测试。测试结果表明:风电机组低电压穿越能力测试可以精确记录风电机组低电压穿越期间电压、电流等各项参数指标,对并网风机及系统的稳定运行意义重大。     

核磁共振方法在湖北某地找水的效果

应用核磁共振技术找水是核磁共振技术应用的新领域,核磁共振找水是一种直接探测地下水的地球物理方法。本文介绍了在贫水地区一个指定范围内探测地下水例子。比较所做的三个僚共振测点的工作结果,确定出含中水情况较好部位,配合做了率对四极测探,其工作结果指示出一低阻区域,是地下水富集带。在设计的钻井位置钻探探打出了优质 下水,验证了核磁共振找水方法的推断结果。在对该磁共振找水方法研究和实践的基础上,指出：核磁共     

黄河保护立法中生态环境管理制度建设的若干思考

黄河保护立法是体现黄河保护、治理、高质量发展的国家意志和社会行为准则。建立完善生态环境管理制度是推进国家治理体系、提高国家治理能力的重要内容。为集中力量解决黄河流域目前存在的生态本底脆弱、系统环境超载等突出生态环境问题,必须将生态环境管理制度建设提升至立法层面。系统分析黄河流域生态环境管理方面的现状与问题,以提升流域生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化为目标,在"协同推进、整体优化"的制度发展路径下,构建"规划与管控、污染防治攻坚、生态保护修复、保障与监督"四位一体生态环境管理制度框架,提出建设黄河流域生态环境管理制度的立法建议,对黄河保护立法提供理论参考,为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供坚实法治保障。     

Spatial and temporal variations of PAHs in surface sediments of estuarine and coast of CanGio wetland,Vietnam

Surface sediments from estuarine and coast of CanGio wetland (CGW) of Hochiminh City, Vietnam, were investigated to identify the spatial and temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAHs showed wide variation but similar to patterns observed (F?=?0.901, p?=?0.46) in LongTau (31?±?77 ng/g dry weight, n?=?13), SoaiRap (53?±?81, n?=?4), ThiVai (60?±?62, n?=?10) estuaries, and coastal areas (112?±?211, n?=?9). A decreasing trend in the wet season (F?=?8.8, p?=?0.01) reflected that inland sources such as wastewater discharged and atmospherically transported contaminants contributed to PAHs in sediments. The risk posed by the PAHs in the coastal and estuarine areas of CGW is still negligible. The present study provides baseline data, which can be used for regular monitoring and future strategy of environmental protection for the study area.