横断山区产水量时空分布格局及影响因素研究

运用InVEST模型产水模块开展横断山区1990-2015年产水的量化评估,并开展相应的时空特征及影响因素分析。结果表明:(1)空间分布上,横断山区产水量均表现为南高北低的空间格局,垂直方向上,产水能力随着海拔的增加呈减小趋势。(2)1990-2015年产水深度表现为先小幅增大后明显减小再小幅增大的波动变化趋势。(3)不同土地利用类型的平均产水能力差异较大。其中以建设用地产水能力最强,约为550～920 mm;林地、草地居中,分别为438～650 mm和412～580 mm;未利用地和水域产水能力最弱,分别为273～457 mm和56～237 mm。(4)产水量空间分布与海拔及草地比例呈现显著的负相关,与降水量及林地比例呈显著正相关;时间变化上产水量与降水量呈显著正相关关系。该研究有助于推进山区生态系统服务研究的发展,其结果可为横断山区流域水资源管理、维持区域可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

不同防污涂层下5083铝合金的海水腐蚀性能研究

目的研究舰船用不同类型防污漆下5083铝合金的海水腐蚀性能。方法采用电化学交流阻抗方法研究加入不同防污剂的三种舰船常用防污体系在完好状态下和人工破损状态下的耐蚀性能。结果获得了3种不同防污体系对5083铝合金在海水浸泡条件下的耐蚀性能结果。结论在涂层体系完好时,加入不同种类防污剂的防污漆体系对基体5083铝合金都有很好的保护作用。其中低表面能类型的防污涂料不易发生水解,所以涂层阻抗随时间变化的幅度很小,涂层的屏蔽性更好、涂层孔隙率更低、颜料与溶液反应阻力更大,保护作用最优异,性能最稳定。在涂层破损状态下,三种防污体系的腐蚀速率为低表面能﹤硫氰酸亚铜﹤Cu2O防污涂层,防污涂层中存在的防污剂Cu2O可加速铝合金基体的腐蚀。     

杭州市区大气能见度变化趋势及其与主要污染物相关性分析

利用2004-2006年地面气象观测资料和同期环境空气质量自动监测数据,分析了杭州市区大气能见度变化趋势及其与主要污染物的相关性.结果表明,杭州市区能见度的日分布特征为14时最好,8时最差;季节变化特征为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,全年仅7月能见度超过10 km;SO2、NO2、PM10浓度均随能见度增高而逐渐降低;影响能见度的首要因子为相对湿度和PM2.5,能见度与PM2.5浓度具有较好的相关性.     

Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment

Introduction and aims  

A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things).     

Designing Connected and Compact Nature Reserves

It is generally accepted that for many species, the ability to get around a reserve promotes their long-term persistence. Here, we measure the ease with which species can move by two spatial criteria: (i) the connectivity of the reserve, that is to say, the possibility to go through the whole reserve without leaving it, and (ii) the compactness of the reserve, that is to say, the remoteness of the sites in relation to each other, the distance between two sites being measured by the shortest distance to travel to get from one site to another without leaving the reserve. To protect the reserve of external disturbances, we also impose a connectivity constraint for the area outside the reserve. This article presents a method based on integer linear programming to define connected and compact reserves. Computational experiments carried out on artificial instances with 400 sites and 100 species are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.     

How to Take into Account Uncertainty in Species Extinction Probabilities for Phylogenetic Conservation Prioritization

In this article, we are concerned with the general problem of choosing from a set of taxa T a subset S to protect in order to try to contribute to halting biodiversity loss as efficiently as possible given limited resources. The protection of a taxon decreases its extinction probability, and the impact of protecting the taxa of S is measured by the resulting expected phylogenetic diversity (ePD) of the set T. The primary challenge posed by this approach lies in determining the extinction probability of a taxon (protected or unprotected). To deal with this difficulty, the uncertainty about the extinction probabilities can be described through a set of possible scenarios, each corresponding to different extinction probability values for each taxon. We show how to determine an “optimal robust set” of taxa to protect, defined as the set of taxa that minimizes the maximum “regret,” i.e., the maximum relative gap, over all the scenarios, between (1) the ePD of T obtained by protecting the taxa of this set and (2) the ePD of T which would be produced by protecting the subset of taxa optimal for the considered scenario. In our experimental conditions covering 100 cases, this gap is almost always less than 1%. Consequently, the ePD of T obtained by protecting the taxa of the optimal robust set is not far from the maximum ePD of T that could have been obtained if we had known the true scenario. In other words, a way of escaping (in large part, at least) from the uncertainty related to the extinction probabilities of the taxa consists of choosing to protect those belonging to the optimal robust set. We also compare the optimal robust set to other relevant subsets of T.     

Assessing and selecting interventions for river water quality improvement within the context of population growth and urbanization: a case study of the Cau River basin in Vietnam

In this study, a multi-criteria methodology is proposed to identify and prioritize interventions for water quality improvement with the aid of computer simulation models. The methodology can be used to elaborate and compare future socio-economic development scenarios to select the best interventions based on three criteria: (1) ideas of experts and stakeholders about the importance of scenarios, (2) impacts of each scenario on surface water quality in watershed, and (3) benefit–cost analysis for each scenario. A score is computed for each scenario based on a weighted sum technique which enables to take into consideration different level of importance for the three criteria. The methodology is applied to Cau River basin in Vietnam, with the aid of a computer tool, to assess interventions for river water quality improvement within the context of population growth and urbanization. The results show that fast future population growth in upstream has significant impacts. In 2020, an increase of 116 % of the population in Bac Kan town can lead to an increase of 120 and 135 % in BOD₅ and NH₄ ⁺ median concentrations, respectively, with the implementation of a treatment plant for 10,000 people in Bac Kan town. Therefore, the increase of the domestic wastewater treatment plant’s capacity in Bac Kan town, at least twice as the projection of local government, is necessary. These results will help decision makers to select the best interventions for Cau River basin management.     

基于虚拟同步发电机的微电网控制策略研究

针对微电网中的分布式电源出力的间歇性导致微电网频率及电压不稳定的问题,通过建立虚拟同步发电机(V irtual Synchronous Generator, VSG)控制系统的数学模型,设计了一种基于频率控制、电压控制和功率控制的反馈控制器,并给出了相应的控制方法;通过理论分析分布式电源的频率、电压特性及其对微电网频率、电压稳定性的影响,提出了能够有效抑制分布式电.源功率波动,提高微电网电能质量的控制策略。仿真结果表明:VSG能稳定地控制微电网频率、电压,具有很好的稳态性。     

Prenatal diagnosis of a small supernumerary,XIST-negative,mosaic ring X chromosome identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization in an abnormal male fetus

Marker or ring X [r(X)] chromosomes of varying size are often found in patients with Turner syndrome. Patients with very small r(X) chromosomes that did not include the X-inactivation locus (XIST) have been described with a more severe phenotype. Small r(X) chromosomes are rare in males and there are only five previous reports of such cases. We report the identification of a small supernumerary X chromosome in an abnormal male fetus. Cytogenetic analysis from chorionic villus sampling was performed because of fetal nuchal translucency thickness and it showed mosaicism 46,XY/47,XY,+r(X)/48,XY,+r(X),+r(X). Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) showed the marker to be of X-chromosome origin and not to contain the XIST locus. Additional specific probes showed that the r(X) included a euchromatic region in proximal Xq. At 20 weeks gestation, a second ultrasound examination revealed cerebral abnormalities. After genetic counselling, the pregnancy was terminated. The fetus we describe is the first male with a mosaic XIST-negative r(X) chromosome identified at prenatal diagnosis. The phenotype we observed was probably the result of functional disomy of the genes in the r(X) chromosome, secondary to loss of the XIST locus. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ring testing of the AnBUSDiC test; a new screening method for the anaerobic degradability of surfactants

The project focuses on the efficiency of combined technologies to reduce the release of micropollutants and bacteria into surface waters via sewage treatment plants of different size and via stormwater overflow basins of different types. As a model river in a highly populated catchment area, the river Schussen and, as a control, the river Argen, two tributaries of Lake Constance, Southern Germany, are under investigation in this project. The efficiency of the different cleaning technologies is monitored by a wide range of exposure and effect analyses including chemical and microbiological techniques as well as effect studies ranging from molecules to communities.