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431.
432.
Elisabeth K. V. Kalko Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Ingrid Kaipf Alan D. Grinnell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(5):305-319
We studied variability in foraging behavior of Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa Rica and Panamá and related it to properties of its echolocation behavior. N. albiventris searches for prey in high (>20 cm) or low (<20 cm) search flight, mostly over water. It captures insects in mid-air (aerial
captures) and from the water surface (pointed dip). We once observed an individual dragging its feet through the water (directed
random rake). In search flight, N. albiventris emits groups of echolocation signals (duration 10–11 ms) containing mixed signals with constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated
(FM) components, or pure CF signals. Sometimes, mostly over land, it produces long FM signals (duration 15–21 ms). When N. albiventris approaches prey in a pointed dip or in aerial captures, pulse duration and pulse interval are reduced, the CF component is
eliminated, and a terminal phase with short FM signals (duration 2 ms) at high repetition rates (150–170 Hz) is emitted. Except
for the last pulses in the terminal phase N. albiventris avoids overlap between emitted signals and echoes returning from prey. During rakes, echolocation behavior is similar to
that in high search flight. We compare N. albiventris with its larger congener, N. leporinus, and discuss behavioral and morphological specializations that can be interpreted as preadaptations favoring the evolution
of piscivory as seen in N. leporinus. Prominent among these specializations are the CF components of the echolocation signals which allow detection and evaluation
of fluttering prey amidst clutter-echoes, high variability in foraging strategy and the associated echolocation behavior,
as well as morphological specializations such as enlarged feet for capturing prey from the water surface.
Received: 21 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998 相似文献
433.
The loss of Pb from snail soft tissues may depend on the excretion of Ca, and involve the mobilization of shell Ca. Most sub-adults in three populations of Cantareus aspersus (syn. Cornu aspersum Müller) either failed to add, or lost, shell mass on a diet with 250 μg g−1 Pb. Their failure to mineralize shell extensions occurred irrespective of food consumed, time or dietary Mg. Budgets of metals for 36 individuals in each of two populations showed that Ca loss would account for the reduction in shell mass. Lead concentrations were higher in the reduced shells but this may be a consequence of their smaller mass, rather than its cause. In both populations shell reduction correlated with the total mass of Pb assimilated. Any shell growth may have been dependent on the initial Ca reserve in each snail. Differential movement of Mg, Pb and Ca occurred between the shell and soft tissues. 相似文献
434.
This paper examines the structure of contemporary vehicle mitigation commitments after lead gasoline phase out in sub-Sahara
Africa. First, this paper reviews some of the leading domestic trade policy proposals (emission reduction actions) with regard
to their expected technology impacts. Next, it assesses the options based on establishing benchmarks for measuring policy
performance in curbing vehicle emissions simultaneously with core sustainable development priorities. Assessing these options
identifies the key variables in designing mitigation commitments, offers criteria for evaluating different approaches and
discusses the implications of the leading alternatives. This paper argues that a more pronounced dilemma of synergies exists
between vehicle emissions reduction and core development concerns as the major players target emissions too narrowly. Finally,
this paper sheds more light on strategies that could be employed simultaneously at the regional and domestic levels to enhance
sustainable development as trade continues to grow and evolve. 相似文献
435.
Surfactive stabilization of multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersions with dissolved humic substances
Mark A. Chappell Aaron J. George Beth E. Porter Pingheng Zhou Alan J. Kennedy 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1081-1087
Soil humic substances (HS) stabilize carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions, a mechanism we hypothesized arose from the surfactive nature of HS. Experiments dispersing multi-walled CNT in solutions of dissolved Aldrich humic acid (HA) or water-extractable Catlin soil HS demonstrated enhanced stability at 150 and 300 mg L−1 added Aldrich HA and Catlin HS, respectively, corresponding with decreased CNT mean particle diameter (MPD) and polydispersivity (PD) of 250 nm and 0.3 for Aldrich HA and 450 nm and 0.35 for Catlin HS. Analogous trends in MPD and PD were observed with addition of the surfactants Brij 35, Triton X-405, and SDS, corresponding to surfactant sorption maximum. NEXAFS characterization showed that Aldrich HA contained highly surfactive domains while Catlin soil possessed a mostly carbohydrate-based structure. This work demonstrates that the chemical structure of humic materials in natural waters is directly linked to their surfactive ability to disperse CNT released into the environment. 相似文献
436.
Nicole Riddell Gilles Arsenault Jeff Klein Alan Lough Chris H. Marvin Alan McAlees Robert McCrindle Gordia MacInnis Ed Sverko Sheryl Tittlemier Gregg T. Tomy 《Chemosphere》2009,74(11):1538-1543
1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane (TBCO) is a commercial brominated flame retardant that is employed mainly as an additive in textiles, paints and plastics. Very little is known about its presence or behavior in the environment or its analysis. TBCO can exist as two diastereomers, the stereochemistries of which have not been previously reported. We have named the first eluting isomer, under HPLC conditions, as alpha-TBCO (α-TBCO) and the later eluting isomer as beta-TBCO (β-TBCO) when using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column with methanol/acetonitrile/water as the mobile phase. The structural elucidation of these two isomers was accomplished by 1H NMR spectroscopy, GC/MS, LC/MS and X-ray structure determinations. α-TBCO is (1R,2R,5S,6S)-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane and β-TBCO is rac-(1R,2R,5R,6R)-1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclooctane. As with some other brominated cycloaliphatic compounds, TBCO is thermally labile and the isomers easily interconvert. A thermal equilibrium mixture of α- and β-TBCO consists of approximately 15% and 85% of these isomers, respectively. Separation of the two diastereomers, with minimal thermal interconversion between them, is achievable by careful selection of GC-capillary column length and injector temperature. LC/MS analyses of TBCO also presents an analytical challenge due to poor resolution of the isomers on chromatographic stationary phases, and weak intensity of molecular ions (or major fragment ions) when using LC-ESI/MS. Only bromide ions were seen in the mass spectra. APCI and APPI also failed to produce the molecular ion with sufficient intensity for identification. 相似文献
437.
Marin Cvitanović George Alan Blackburn Martin Rudbeck Jepsen 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1751-1763
Extensive forests in Croatia represent an important biological and economic resource in Europe. They are characterised by heterogeneity in forest management practices dating back to the socialist planned economy of the pre-1991 era. In this study we investigated the difference in rates of deforestation and reforestation in private- and state-owned forests during the post-socialist period and the causal drivers of change. The selected region of Northern Croatia is characterised by a high percentage of privately owned forests with minimal national monitoring and control. We used a mixed-methods approach which combines remote sensing, statistical modelling and a household-based questionnaire survey to assess the rates of forest cover change and factors influencing those changes. The results show that predominantly privately owned forests in Northern Croatia have recorded a net forest loss of 1.8 % during the 1991–2011 period, while Croatia overall is characterised by a 10 % forest cover increase in predominantly state-owned forests. Main factors influencing forest cover changes in private forests are slope, altitude, education structure, population age and population density. The results also show that the deforestation in private forests is weakening overall, mostly due to the continuation of the de-agrarisation and de-ruralisation processes which began during socialism. 相似文献
438.
A High‐Resolution National‐Scale Hydrologic Forecast System from a Global Ensemble Land Surface Model
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Alan D. Snow Scott D. Christensen Nathan R. Swain E. James Nelson Daniel P. Ames Norman L. Jones Deng Ding Nawajish S. Noman Cédric H. David Florian Pappenberger Ervin Zsoter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(4):950-964
Warning systems with the ability to predict floods several days in advance have the potential to benefit tens of millions of people. Accordingly, large‐scale streamflow prediction systems such as the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service or the Global Flood Awareness System are limited to coarse resolutions. This article presents a method for routing global runoff ensemble forecasts and global historical runoff generated by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts model using the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge to produce high spatial resolution 15‐day stream forecasts, approximate recurrence intervals, and warning points at locations where streamflow is predicted to exceed the recurrence interval thresholds. The processing method involves distributing the computations using computer clusters to facilitate processing of large watersheds with high‐density stream networks. In addition, the Streamflow Prediction Tool web application was developed for visualizing analyzed results at both the regional level and at the reach level of high‐density stream networks. The application formed part of the base hydrologic forecasting service available to the National Flood Interoperability Experiment and can potentially transform the nation's forecast ability by incorporating ensemble predictions at the nearly 2.7 million reaches of the National Hydrography Plus Version 2 Dataset into the national forecasting system. 相似文献
439.
Reconstructions of Columbia River Streamflow from Tree‐Ring Chronologies in the Pacific Northwest,USA
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Jeremy S. Littell Gregory T. Pederson Stephen T. Gray Michael Tjoelker Alan F. Hamlet Connie A. Woodhouse 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(5):1121-1141
We developed Columbia River streamflow reconstructions using a network of existing, new, and updated tree‐ring records sensitive to the main climatic factors governing discharge. Reconstruction quality is enhanced by incorporating tree‐ring chronologies where high snowpack limits growth, which better represent the contribution of cool‐season precipitation to flow than chronologies from trees positively sensitive to hydroclimate alone. The best performing reconstruction (back to 1609 CE) explains 59% of the historical variability and the longest reconstruction (back to 1502 CE) explains 52% of the variability. Droughts similar to the high‐intensity, long‐duration low flows observed during the 1920s and 1940s are rare, but occurred in the early 1500s and 1630s‐1640s. The lowest Columbia flow events appear to be reflected in chronologies both positively and negatively related to streamflow, implying low snowpack and possibly low warm‐season precipitation. High flows of magnitudes observed in the instrumental record appear to have been relatively common, and high flows from the 1680s to 1740s exceeded the magnitude and duration of observed wet periods in the late‐19th and 20th Century. Comparisons between the Columbia River reconstructions and future projections of streamflow derived from global climate and hydrologic models show the potential for increased hydrologic variability, which could present challenges for managing water in the face of competing demands. 相似文献
440.
Plant and soil bio(chemical) indicators are increasingly used to provide information on N deposition inputs and effects in a wide range of ecosystem types. However, many factors, including climate and site management history, have the potential to influence bioindicator relationships with N due to nutrient export and changing vegetation nutrient demands. We surveyed 33 heathlands in England, along a gradient of background N deposition (7.2–24.5 kg ha−1 year−1), using Calluna vulgaris growth phase as a proxy for time since last management. Our survey confirmed soil nutrient accumulation with increasing time since management. Foliar N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in pioneer- and mature-phase vegetation significantly increased with N deposition. Significant interactions between climate and N deposition were also evident with, for example, higher foliar P concentrations in pioneer-phase vegetation at sites with higher temperatures and N deposition rates. Although oxidized N appeared more significant than reduced N, overall there were more, stronger relationships with total N deposition; suggesting efforts to control all emissions of N (i.e., both oxidized and reduced forms) will have ecological benefits.