Application of a spatial meta-population model with stochastic parameters to the management of the invasive grass Nassella trichotoma in North Canterbury, New Zealand

Optimising the management of invasive plants requires the identification of the population size outcomes for alternative management strategies. Mathematical models can be useful tools for making such management strategy comparisons. In this paper we develop a generic landscape meta-population model and apply it to the weedy grass, Nassella trichotoma, an invasive species occupying approximately 800 land parcels, predominantly pastoral farms, in the Hurunui district, North Canterbury, New Zealand. Empirical evidence reveals that this meta-population is currently stable (at a median density of 6 plants ha⁻¹) under a community strategy requiring manual removal (termed ‘grubbing’) of plants annually from all land parcels. Reduction in population size requires an alternative management strategy. Field data, collected over a 12 year period, were used to provide stochastic parameter values for land parcel size, carrying capacity, rates of local population growth and grubbing.The model reveals that at steady state, the most significant contribution to population growth on a land parcel comes from within the land parcel itself; the expected annual per capita growth on an individual land parcel is 4 orders of magnitude greater than the expected annual contribution from plants arising from other land parcels. This result implies that many of the farms currently supporting N. trichotoma may pose little or no threat to, nor are threatened themselves by, other farms infested by the weed. However, the steady state distribution (of the weed's population density) was sensitive to the spread rate, revealing a need for data on this process. It was also sensitive to how any increase in the grubbing rate is distributed; increasing it via a uniform distribution U(0, 1) where all rates between 0 and 100% year⁻¹ are equally probable did not affect the steady state, whereas increasing the rates via the uniform distribution U(0.25, 0.75) resulted in fewer farms with high population densities. In general the model provides a basis for exploring the effects of a wide range of alternative grubbing strategies on population growth in N. trichotoma.     

深圳市显著排放VOCs的园林植物调查与分析

对深圳地区的主要园林树种、地带性植被的代表种共计158种植物释放的生物源的挥发性有机物（biogenic volatileorganic compounds,BVOCs）采用流动式、封闭式采样法采样,运至美国进行GC-MS分析测量.结果表明,短穗鱼尾葵（Caryotamitis）、海红豆（Adenanthera pavonina var.microsperma）、杧果（Mangifera indica）、海漆（Excoecoria agalloch）等31种植物具有释放异戊二烯的能力;另有鸡蛋果（Passiflora edulis）、小琴丝竹（Bambusa glaucescens cv.silverstripe）、山苍子（Litsea cubeba）、大型双子铁（Dioon spinulosum）等52种植物具有释放单萜烯类化合物的能力.对红树植物的测量表明,该类植物普遍具有释放单萜烯的能力.上述结果为建立深圳及周边地区的环境质量模型提供了重要数据,同时也可为我国热带亚热带城市大面积绿化以及经济林、生态林和防护林等的树种选择提供参考.     

Haze formation in China: Importance of secondary aerosol

Air pollution is the world's largest single environmental hazard that causes more than a few million premature deaths in 2012 (World Health Organization, 2014), particularly in developing countries with rapid industrialization and urbanization. Rapid economic growth of China in the last three decades has resulted in serious air pollution problems on both local and regional scales. Megacities in China such as Beijing and Shanghai have suffered from haze episodes frequently with the daily mass concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, fine particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) over the Chinese air pollution standard of 75 μg/m3 (China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, 2013), which is three times higher than the air quality guideline of 25 μg/m3 recommended by the World Health Organization, highlighting the urgency of urban PM mitigation in China.