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561.
562.
In the search for larvicidal compounds against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae), a collection of monoterpenes were selected and evaluated. R- and S-limonene exhibited the highest larvicidal potency (LC50 = 27 and 30 ppm, respectively), followed by γ-terpinene (LC50 = 56 ppm) and RS-carvone (LC50 = 118 ppm). Structural characteristics which may contribute to the understanding of the larvicidal activity of monoterpenes were empirically identified. The presence of heteroatoms in the basic hydrocarbon structure decreases larvicidal potency. Conjugated and exo double bonds appear to increase larvicidal potency. Replacement of double bonds by more reactive epoxides decreases the larvicidal potency. The presence of hydroxyls in the cyclic structure resulted in decreased potency, probably due to increased polarity indicanting that lipophilicity seems to play an important role in increasing the larvicidal potency in this set of compounds. 相似文献
563.
Eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in pine needles of three species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra) collected in the NE Spain in an attempt to use this matrix for the biomonitoring of airborne PBDEs. The method used was based in ultrasonic extraction followed by alumina and Florisil clean-up and determination by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization. Recoveries were between 99% and 138%, limits of detection between 0.011 and 0.070 ng g−1-dw (0.232 ng g−1-dw for BDE 209) and repeatability lower than 13%. PBDE levels ranged between 0.027 ng g−1-dw and 13.04 ng g−1-dw, with predominance of BDE 209, followed by BDEs 47. P. halepensis was the species with the highest PBDE levels and P. nigra, the least, according to their widespread and remote distribution, respectively. The presence of PBDEs in pine needles was attributed to the release of in-use PBDEs, transport through atmosphere and adsorption upon lipid rich pine needles. Given the easy collection of pine needles, its ample distribution and its potential to accumulate airborne contaminants, this matrix is proposed as passive bio-sampler to be used in PBDE monitoring programs.
Capsule
Pine needles can be used to biomonitor airborne PBDEs. 相似文献564.
This greenhouse experiment evaluated arsenic removal by Pteris vittata and its effects on arsenic redistribution in soils. P. vittata grew in six arsenic-contaminated soils and its fronds were harvested and analyzed for arsenic in October, 2003, April, 2004, and October, 2004. The soil arsenic was separated into five fractions via sequential extraction. The ferns grew well and took up arsenic from all soils. Fern biomass ranged from 24.8 to 33.5 g plant(-1) after 4 months of growth but was reduced in the subsequent harvests. The frond arsenic concentrations ranged from 66 to 6,151 mg kg(-1), 110 to 3,056 mg kg(-1), and 162 to 2,139 mg kg(-1) from the first, second and third harvest, respectively. P. vittata reduced soil arsenic by 6.4-13% after three harvests. Arsenic in the soils was primarily associated with amorphous hydrous oxides (40-59%), which contributed the most to arsenic taken up by P. vittata (45-72%). It is possible to use P. vittata to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils by repeatedly harvesting its fronds. 相似文献
565.
Emmanuel Joyeux Alexandre Carpentier Frédéric Corre Sylvain Haie Julien Pétillon 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2017,21(3):435-444
The Bay of Aiguillon is a national French Nature Reserve of great importance for birds. Recently, the managers of the Reserve (ONCFS-LPO) paid attention to the influence of saltmarshes management on the nursery function for fish feeding in creeks at high tide. A study carried out from March to July 2012 aimed to evaluate the use of saltmarshes by fish juvenile fraction according to the mowing intensity in salt marshes surrounding creeks: ceased, irregular or annual mowing. This community approach was completed by a focus on the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax individual diet, vacuity index and growth, and the biomass of a main potential prey (the amphipod Orchestia gammarella). Whatever the mowing intensity, the juvenile fraction was very high for the main species, which were the grey mullet Liza ramada, the European sea bass, undetermined clupeid and the European flounder Platichthys flesus. Adult and subadult for these species were anecdotic or totally absent. Despite very different biomasses of amphipods between mown and natural sites, vacuity index, prey composition and their relative abundance in the diet of European sea bass juveniles were little different, contrary to their hypothetical growth (i.e. when assuming site fidelity), which appeared higher in non-mown site. The low distance between sampling sites could allow fish exchange over time between optimal and suboptimal creeks to feed on, as a hypothesis to explain such results. Because mowing was subsidized by European Union (EU) to favour open habitats for geese and maintain an economic activity, indirect impacts on nursery for fish called into question the appropriateness of such agro-environmental measure on natural habitats, and related fish nursery function. 相似文献
566.
John Polisar Benoit de Thoisy Damián I. Rumiz Fabricio Díaz Santos Roan Balas McNab Rony Garcia-Anleu Gabriela Ponce-Santizo Rosario Arispe Claudia Venegas 《Ambio》2017,46(5):588-603
The jaguar Panthera onca requires large areas of relatively intact habitats containing adequate amounts of prey to survive. Since a substantial portion of jaguar range occurs outside of strict protected areas, there is a need for economic incentives for habitat conservation, which carefully managed selective logging can provide. Forest Stewardship Council and Pan European Forest Council certifications intended to regulate wood extraction to maintain the ecological functions of forests require evidence of biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. We draw on twelve surveys across four countries and a range of biomes to present evidence that adequate logging management can maintain jaguar populations, but that they are at risk without efficient control of secondary impacts of access and hunting. Where resident, the presence of jaguars can serve as an indication that the ecological requirements of certified timber extraction are being met. We present a gradient of rigor for monitoring, recommending cost-effective options. 相似文献
567.
Santos Jane Meri Reis Neyval Costa Galvão Elson Silva Silveira Alexsander Goulart Elisa Valentim Lima Ana Teresa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(27):22026-22039
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Settleable particulate matter (SPM), especially coarser particles with diameters greater than 10 μm, has been found culprit of high... 相似文献
568.
Galvez-Cloutier R Saminathan SK Boillot C Triffaut-Bouchet G Bourget A Soumis-Dugas G 《Environmental management》2012,49(5):1037-1053
Increasing phosphorus (P) content and decreasing water quality of Saint-Augustin Lake, Quebec City, Canada, has led to implementation
of an Integrated Watershed Management Plan to restore the lake. As a part of the plan, the effects of different restoration
techniques on lake water quality and biological community (i.e., biological compatibility) were assessed during an isolated
water enclosure study and laboratory microcosm assay, respectively. The restoration techniques include: (i) coagulation of
P by alum only (20 mg L−1), (ii) active capping of sediments using a calcite layer of 10 cm, and (iii) a complete method involving both alum coagulation
and calcite capping. The results showed that the total P (TP) was greatly decreased (76–95 %) by alum + calcite, followed
by calcite only (59–84 %). Secchi depth was 106 % greater and chlorophyll a concentrations were declined by 19–78 % in the
enclosure which received both alum and calcite. Results of the biological compatibility test showed that total phytoplankton
biomass declined by 31 % in microcosms composed of alum + calcite. No significant (P > 0.05) toxic effect was found on the survival of Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca in both alum only and alum + calcite microcosms. Although the alum + calcite technique impaired the survival of Chironomus riparius, the midge emergence was much higher compared to alum only and control. Overall, the alum + calcite application was effective
in controlling P release from sediment and lowering water column P concentrations, and thus improving the water quality and
aquatic life of Saint-Augustin Lake. However, the TP concentrations are still higher than the critical limit (20 μg L−1) for aquatic life and the water column remained in the eutrophic state even after treatment. Increased TP concentrations,
to higher than ambient levels of the lake, in the water column of all four enclosures, due to bioturbation artefact triggered
by the platform installation, likely cause insufficient dosages of alum and/or calcite applied and reduced their effectiveness. 相似文献
569.
Jeffrey R. Brook Carrie D. Lillyman Marjorie F. Shepherd Alexandre Mamedov 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):855-866
Abstract The impact of various atmospheric transport directions on ambient fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations at several sites in southeastern Canada was estimated (for May-September) using back-trajectory analysis. Three-day back trajectories (four per day) were paired with 6-hr average PM2.5 mass concentrations measured using tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOM). PM2.5 concentrations at rural locations in the region were affected by nonlocal sources originating in both Canada and the United States. Comparison of sites revealed that, on average, the local contribution to total PM2.5 in the greater Toronto area (GTA) is approximately 30–35%. At each location, average PM2.5 concentrations under south/southwesterly flow conditions were 2–4 times higher than under the corresponding northerly flow conditions. The chemical composition of both urban and rural PM2.5 was determined during two separate 2-week spring/summer measurement campaigns. Components identified included SO4 2?, NO3 ?, NH4+, black carbon and organic carbon (OC), and trace elements. Higher particle mass at the urban Toronto site was composed of a higher proportion of all components. However, black carbon, NO3 ?, NaCl, and trace elements were found to be the most enriched over the rural/regional background levels. 相似文献
570.
Dayana Moscardi dos Santos Gustavo Souza Santos Marta Margarete Cestari Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro Helena Cristina Silva de Assis Flavia Yamamoto Izonete Cristina Guiloski Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi Rosalinda Carmela Montone 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3166-3174
The toxicity of butyltin compounds (BTs), mainly tributyltin (TBT), has been reported in different organisms. However, such an analysis in fish after field exposure with reference to the related biomarkers has not been commonly observed in the literature. This study presents the uptake of BTs in the liver of a neotropical marine catfish Cathorops spixii in Paranagua Bay, an important estuarine system located in southern Brazil. Two different areas, close to and distant from the harbor, were used for chemical analysis evaluation of hepatotoxicity through genetic, enzymatic, and histopathological biomarkers. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bile was also considered as a biomarker. The results showed a significant relationship between TBT levels and the inhibition of biotransformation enzymes and high occurrence of melanomacrophages in fish collected close to the harbor site. These effects were linked to the absence of TBT metabolites in the liver. In the second site, the presence of DBT was associated with an increase in EROD and GST activity. The larger amount of DNA damage as well as the highest oxidative stress was noted in fish from the less TBT-polluted area, where DBT and bile PAHs occurred. These findings showed different impact levels due to or increased by the chronic exposure of biota to BTs. 相似文献