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151.
Elisabeth Nyberg Suzanne Faxneld Sara Danielsson Ulla Eriksson Aroha Miller Anders Bignert 《Ambio》2015,44(3):484-497
In the 1960s, the Baltic Sea was severely polluted by organic contaminants such as PCBs, HCHs, HCB, and DDTs. Elevated concentrations caused severe adverse effects in Baltic biota. Since then, these substances have been monitored temporally and spatially in Baltic biota, primarily in herring (Clupea harengus) and in guillemot (Uria aalge) egg, but also in cod (Gadus morhua), perch (Perca fluviatilis), eelpout (Zoarces viviparous), and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). These chemicals were banned in Sweden in the late 1970s/early 1980s. Since the start of monitoring, overall significant decreases of about 70–90 % have been observed. However, concentrations are still higher in the Baltic Sea than in, for example, the North Sea. CB-118 and DDE exceed the suggested target concentrations (24 µg kg?1 lipid weight and 5 µg kg?1 wet weight, respectively) at certain sites in some of the monitored species, showing that concentrations may still be too high to protect the most sensitive organisms. 相似文献
152.
This paper studies the practice of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) herding in Finnmark county in northern Norway. In this area, the Saami reindeer herders compete for space and grazing areas and keep large herds, while at the same time, the reindeer population is heavily exposed to carnivore predation by the lynx (Lynx lynx), the wolverine (Gulo gulo), and the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). It is demonstrated that predation actually may improve the economic lot of livestock holders in this unmanaged local common setting. There are ecological as well as economic reasons as to why this happens. The ecological reason is that predation compensates for natural mortality; that is, increased predation reduces natural mortality, indicating that the net loss due to predation actually may be quite small. When predation reduces livestock density, the feeding conditions of the animals will improve, resulting in increased livestock weight and higher per animal slaughter value. At the same time, a smaller stock reduces the operating costs of the herders. 相似文献
153.
Steffen Foss Hansen Sara Nørgaard Sørensen Lars Michael Skjolding Nanna B. Hartmann Anders Baun 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):14
The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) is in the process of revising its guidance documents on how to address the challenges of ecotoxicological testing of nanomaterials. In these revisions, outset is taken in the hypothesis that ecotoxicological test methods, developed for soluble chemicals, can be made applicable to nanomaterials. European Research Council project EnvNano—Environmental Effects and Risk Evaluation of Engineered, which ran from 2011 to 2016, took another outset by assuming that: “The behaviour of nanoparticles in suspension is fundamentally different from that of chemicals in solution”. The aim of this paper is to present the findings of the EnvNano project and through these provide the scientific background for specific recommendations on how ECHA guidance could be further improved. Key EnvNano findings such as the need to characterize dispersion and dissolution rates in stock and test media have partially been addressed in the updated guidance. However, it has to be made clear that multiple characterization methods have to be applied to describe state of dispersion and dissolution over time and for various test concentration. More detailed information is called for on the specific characterization methods and techniques available and their pros and cons. Based on findings in EnvNano, we recommend that existing algal tests are supplemented with tests where suspensions of nanomaterials are aged for 1–3 days for nanomaterials that dissolve in testing media. Likewise, for daphnia tests we suggest to supplement with tests where (a) exposure is shortened to a 3 h pulse exposure in daphnia toxicity tests with environmentally hazardous metal and metal oxide nanomaterials prone to dissolution; and (b) food abundance is three to five times higher than normal, respectively. We further suggest that the importance of considering the impact of shading in algal tests is made more detailed in the guidance and that it is specified that determination of uptake, depuration and trophic transfer of nanomaterials for each commercialized functionalization of the nanomaterials is required. Finally, as an outcome of the project a method for assessing the regulatory adequacy of ecotoxicological studies of nanomaterials is proposed. 相似文献
154.
Kristina L. Sundqvist Mats Tysklind Ingemar Cato Anders Bignert Karin Wiberg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(4):396-409
Background, aim, and scope The primary aim of this study was to explore the variations in PCDD/F levels and homologue profiles of Baltic surface sediments
by comprehensively analyzing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in samples from a large number of sites, encompassing not only previously
known hotspot areas, but also sites near other potential PCDD/F sources, in pristine reference areas (in which there was no
industrial activity) and offshore sites.
Materials and methods Surface sediment samples (146 in total) were collected at various points along the Swedish coast and offshore areas. In addition,
bulk deposition was sampled, monthly, at a single site in northern Sweden during 1 year. The concentrations of tetra- through octa-substituted CDD/Fs were determined in both matrices.
Results Highly elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found at many sites in coastal areas and concentrations were also slightly
elevated in some offshore areas. Homologue profiles varied substantially amongst samples from coastal sites, while those from
offshore and other pristine sediments were relatively similar. The offshore sediments showed different profiles from those
observed in the deposition samples. Sediment levels of PCDD/Fs were not generally significantly correlated to organic carbon
levels, except in some pristine areas. Comparison of data obtained in this and previous studies suggest that both their levels
and profiles are similar today to those observed 20 years ago in coastal and offshore areas. The only detected trend is that
their levels appear to have decreased slightly in the offshore area of the Bothnian Sea.
Discussion The localization of hotspot areas along the coast, the lack of consensus between PCDD/F profiles of sediments and general
background, and their weak correlations with organic carbon suggest that PCDD/Fs in the study area largely originate from
local/regional emissions. However, due to complicating factors such as sediment dynamics and land upheaval, it is not possible
to conclude whether these pollutants derive from recent emissions or from a combination of recent emissions and re-distribution
of previous inputs.
Conclusions The results show that: elevated levels of PCDD/Fs are present in both coastal and offshore areas of the Baltic Sea, the major
hotspots are close to the shore, and there are large variations in profiles, indicating that local emissions are (or have
been) the major causes of pollution.
Recommendations and perspectives In order to identify other hotspot areas and trace sources, comprehensive analysis of PCDD/Fs in surface sediments is needed
in all areas of the Baltic Sea that have not been previously investigated. The high levels of PCDD/Fs observed in surface
sediments also indicate a need to elucidate whether they are due mainly to current emissions or a combination of recent pollution
and re-distribution of historically deposited pollutants. To do so, better understanding of sediment dynamics and present-day
inputs, such as riverine inputs, industrial effluents, and leakage from contaminated soil is required. There are indications
that contaminated sediments have a regional impact on fish contamination levels. However, as yet there is no statistically
robust evidence linking contaminated sediments with elevated levels in Baltic biota. It should also be noted that the Baltic
Sea is being massively invaded by the deep-burrowing polychaete Marenzielleria ssp., whose presence in sediments has been shown to increase water concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants. In awareness
of this, it is clear that high levels in sediments cannot be ignored in risk assessments. In order to investigate the emission
trends more thoroughly, analysis of PCDD/Fs in offshore sediment cores throughout the Baltic Sea is also recommended.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
155.
Robert Gifford Leila Scannell Christine Kormos Lidia Smolova Anders Biel Stefan Boncu Victor Corral Hartmut Güntherf Kazunori Hanyu Donald Hine Florian G. Kaiser Kalevi Korpela Luisa Marie Lima Angela G. Mertig Ricardo Garcia Mira Gabriel Moser Paola Passafaro José Q. Pinheiro Sunil Saini Toshihiko Sako Elena Sautkina Yannick Savina Peter Schmuck Wesley Schultz Karin Sobeck Eva-Lotta Sundblad David Uzzell 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies. 相似文献
156.
The acute toxicity of monodispersed 6 nm and <100 nm poly-dispersed copper oxide nanoparticles toward Daphnia magna was assessed using 48 h immobilization tests. CuSO4 was used as a reference. Four different exposure conditions were tested, to study whether the toxicity of the nanoparticle suspensions changed in a way similar to what is known for dissolved Cu: first in ISO standard test conditions (pH 7.8), second with slight acidity (pH 6.5), third in the presence of citric acid, and fourth in the presence of humic acid. For all four exposure conditions, the toxicity of Cu employed in the three forms followed the same sequence, i.e., CuSO4 > monodispersed 6 nm CuO ? poly-dispersed CuO. The toxicity of all Cu forms decreased from pH 6.5, ? pH 7.8, > pH 7.8 + citric acid, to ? pH 7.8 + humic acid. This pattern is in agreement with concentrations of Cu2+ calculated using the equilibrium model MINTEQ. These findings show that the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles is governed by test water composition and the chemical species Cu2+. 相似文献
157.
Shuhe Wei Iwona Anders Urs Feller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(12):7624-7630
The focus of this article was to explore the translocation of 109Cd, 57Co, 65Zn, 63Ni, and 134Cs via xylem and phloem in the newly found hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Two experiments with the uptake via the roots and transport of 109Cd, 57Co, and 65Zn labeled by roots, and the redistribution of 109Cd, 65Zn, 57Co, 63Ni, and 134Cs using flap label in S. nigrum in a hydroponic culture with a standard nutrient solution were conducted. The results showed that 109Cd added for 24 h to the nutrient medium of young plants was rapidly taken up, transferred to the shoot, and accumulated in the cotyledons and the oldest leaves but was not efficiently redistributed within the shoot afterward leading to a rather low content in the fruits. In contrast, 57Co was more slowly taken up and released to the shoot, but afterward, this element was redistributed from older leaves to younger leaves and maturing fruits. 65Zn was rapidly taken up and transferred to the shoot (mainly to the youngest leaves and not to the cotyledons). Afterward, this radionuclide was redistributed within the shoot to the youngest organs and finally accumulated in the maturing fruits. After flap labeling, all five heavy metals tested (109Cd, 57Co, 65Zn, 63Ni, 134Cs) were exported from the labeled leaf and redistributed within the plant. The accumulation in the fruits was most pronounced for 63Ni and 65Zn, while a relatively high percentage of 57Co was finally found in the roots. 134Cs was roughly in the middle of them. The transport of 109Cd differed from that previously reported for wheat or lupin and might be important for the potential of S. nigrum to hyperaccumulate cadmium. 相似文献
158.
159.
Kerstin Litzén 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2002,31(5):386-403
1964~1999年,对三个受不同污染的瑞典白尾海雕亚种群[波罗的海沿岸种群(Bp)、瑞典中部内陆种群(Ip)和拉普兰种群(Lp)]的繁殖进行了监测. 相似文献
160.
Ulf Landstrm Per Lfstedt Elisabeth kerlund Anders Kjellberg Per Wide 《Environment international》1990,16(4-6)
This paper describes a field study of the correlation between annoyance and occupational exposure to noise. Measurements of noise and annoyance were made in different types of working environments with noise dominated by low-frequency, middle-frequency or high-frequency components. The noise was described in terms of dB(A), dB(B), dB(C), dB(D), and dB(lin). Annoyance ratings of the occupational noise and of two verbally described reference noises were collected, using a rating scale. As a result of calibration, a better correlation between noise level and rated annoyance was obtained. The A-weighting procedure did not produce a better prediction of annoyance than any of the other weighting methods. 相似文献