New Models for Implementation Theory: Striking a Consensus on Windfarms

The UK Government has provided financial support to developing renewable technologies through the Non-fossil Fu el Obligation imposed on the regional electricity companies. Several hundred renewable energy schemes have come forward to be assessed for their environmental suitability by local level regulators in a very poorly developed national policy framework. This study examines the development control decisions on windfarm applications since 1983 by the largest district council in Wales, and seeks to highlight the role played by clusters of public and private organizations in policy and programme implementation. With the multiple and sometimes conflicting objectives advanced by these organizations, it was in the interests of the district council to strike a negotiated consen sus between landscape conservation and inward investment concerns. The case study shows the crucial importan ce of the socio-political context for understanding the dynamics of policy making.     

Source characterization of nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients in healthcare facility wastewaters

Nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including anti-depressants and opioids, are important clinically administered pharmaceuticals within healthcare facilities. This study provides source characterization data describing the composition and magnitude of nervous system APIs present in healthcare facility wastewaters. Concentrations and mass loadings of ten nervous system APIs and three nervous system API metabolites are reported for wastewaters from a hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility within a single municipality. Concentrations of nervous system APIs ranged from non-detectable levels for alprazolam in all four facility wastewaters to a high of 290 ng/L amitriptyline in nursing facility wastewater. The summed mean concentration of all thirteen analytes ranged from 402 ng/L in independent living facility wastewater to 624 ng/L in assisted living facility wastewater. Wastewater flow rates from each facility were combined with concentration data to estimate the daily mass loading of nervous system APIs leaving each facility through wastewater discharge to the municipal sewer system. The total mass loading of all thirteen analytes for the hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility was 228, 44, 29.5, and 28.1 mg/day, respectively. The total mass loading of nervous system APIs contributed to the municipality's wastewater from all four facilities was 330 mg/day.     

A new approach of ecologically based life cycle assessment for biological wastewater treatments focused on energy recovery goals

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The energy potential of high-organic loaded agro-industrial effluents receiving biological treatment is often neglected, particularly in emergent...     

Relationships between dissolved and particulate carbohydrate temporal patterns and mucilaginous aggregates formation: evidences from time series analysis and biochemical composition of aggregates

A 3-year monitoring of dissolved and particulate carbohydrate concentrations in four transects located in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas was performed in order to get information on the role played by carbohydrates in the mucilage formation in these areas. The application of time series analysis pointed out that the concentration of dissolved carbohydrates does not vary significantly in coincidence of the mucilage appearance showing an almost constant state with respect to time. In contrast, wider temporal variations of carbohydrate amounts, either increase or decrease, were observed when mucilages were lacking or reduced. This almost constant state of carbohydrate amounts observed in presence of mucilages that we define 'steady state' could be associated to an alteration of the complex chemical equilibrium between synthesis and degradation (either hydrolysis or oxidation) reactions of the organic polymers which are typical of the humification processes in the marine environment. The results of this study suggest that the monitoring of carbohydrates can represent an useful tool for the comprehension of the most relevant phenomena of mucilage appearance in the Northern Adriatic Sea.     

Expression of transcobalamin II by amniocytes

Children with a genetic absence of transcobalarnin 2 (TC2) are clinically asymptomatic at birth but develop severe megaloblastic anemia early in life. We have examined the incorporation of [⁵⁷Co]-CN-B₁₂ in the absence of any exogenous source of TC2 in control amniotic fluid derived cells and cultured diploid fibroblasts, and in fibroblasts from a patient with TC2 deficiency. Both control fibroblasts and arnniocytes incorporated labelled B₁₂, into TC2-B₁₂, and the proportion of labelled TC2-B₁₂ could be increased by growing cells in the presence of chloroquine which prevents intralysosomal hydrolysis of the TC2-B₁₂ complex. In contrast, fibroblasts from the patient with TC2 deficiency incorporated almost no label as TC2-B₁₂. These studies suggest that TC2 deficiency either due to aberrant production of TC2 or because of the production of an abnormal TC2 which does not bind B₁₂ can be diagnosed before birth.     

A comparison of microplastic contamination in freshwater fish from natural and farmed sources

Contamination of aquatic systems mainly by urbanization and poor sanitation, deficient or lack of wastewater treatments, dumping of solid residues, and run off has led to the presence of particles, including manmade polymers, in tissues of many marine and freshwater species. In this study, the prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater fish from farmed and natural sources was investigated. Oreochromis niloticus from aquaculture farms in the Huila region in Colombia, and two local species (Prochilodus magdalenae and Pimelodus grosskopfii), naturally present in surface waters were sampled. Of the particles identified, fragments were the predominant type in the three tissue types (stomach, gill, and flesh) derived from farmed and natural fishes. MicroFT-IR spectroscopy was conducted on 208 randomly selected samples, with 22% of particles identified as MPs based on spectra with a match rate ≥ 70%. A total of 53% of identified particles corresponded to cellophane/cellulose, the most abundant particle found in all fish. Not all fish contained MPs: 44% of Oreochromis farmed fish contained MPs, while 75% of natural source fish contained MPs in any of its tissues. Overall, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester (PES), and polyethylene (PE) were the prevalent MPs found in the freshwater fish. A broader variety of polymer types was observed in farmed fish. The edible flesh part of fish presented the lower prevalence of MPs compared to gill and stomach (gut), with gut displaying a higher frequency and diversity of MPs. This preliminary study suggests that the incidence and type of MPs varies in farmed verses natural fish sources as well as across different tissue types, with significantly less detected within the edible flesh tissues compared with stomach and gill tissues.

     

Marijuana use and driving in Washington State: Risk perceptions and behaviors before and after implementation of retail sales

Objective: Washington is among the first states to legalize recreational use of marijuana. This study examined marijuana use and risk perceptions before and after retail sales of recreational marijuana began in July 2014, the relationship between risk perceptions and marijuana use, and the relationship between self-reported marijuana use and drug test results.

Methods: Roadside surveys were conducted in 3 waves: June 2014, the month before retail sales of marijuana began; 5–6 months later (November–December 2014); and 1 year later (June 2015). A total of 2,355 drivers completed a marijuana questionnaire about their past and current marijuana use and perceived risks associated with driving after using marijuana. Data collection also included biological specimens (oral fluid and/or blood for marijuana testing and breath for alcohol testing). Drivers who tested positive for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid or blood were defined as THC-positive.

Results: The proportion of drivers who reported recent marijuana use was similar across the 3 surveys. However, the proportion of THC-positive daytime drivers increased from 8% before retail sales to 23% 6 months after retail sales; this proportion did not change among nighttime drivers (19 and 20%). Drivers’ perceived risk of impairment by marijuana and perceived risk of being arrested for marijuana-impaired driving were similar before and after retail sales. The odds of being THC-positive were 40% lower among drivers who perceived that marijuana was very likely to impair driving, compared to other drivers. Drivers’ perceived risk of being arrested for marijuana-impaired driving was not predictive of THC-positive driving.

Conclusions: The prevalence of daytime THC-positive drivers increased substantially a few months after retail sales of marijuana were legal. Daytime and nighttime prevalence of THC-positive drivers was similar after retail sales. This pattern differs from that typically found for alcohol use, which is consistently higher among drivers at nighttime, compared to daytime. Reports of marijuana use were not always consistent with drug test results, which suggests that comparisons of self-reported marijuana use before and after legalization could be biased. This study examined marijuana use and risk perceptions over the course of 1 year. However, law changes may influence cultural norms gradually over a longer period of time. Future studies should continue to monitor marijuana use over time, as well as identify ways to determine whether drivers are impaired by marijuana.