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661.
Howard I. Browman Jeannette Yen David M. Fields Jean-François St-Pierre Anne Berit Skiftesvik 《Marine Biology》2011,158(12):2653-2660
Paraeuchaeta norvegica (8.5 mm total length) and yolk-sac stage Atlantic cod larvae (4 mm total length) (Gadus morhua) larvae were observed in aquaria (3 l of water) using silhouette video photography. This allowed direct observations (and
quantitative measurement) of predator–prey interactions between these two species in 3-dimensions. Tail beats, used by cod
larvae to propel themselves through the viscous fluid environment, also generate signals detectable by mechanoreceptive copepod
predators. When the prey is close enough for detection and successful capture (approximately half a body-length), the copepod
launches an extremely rapid high Reynolds number attack, grabbing the larva around its midsection. While capture itself takes
place in milliseconds, minutes are required to subdue and completely ingest a cod larva. The behavioural observations are
used to estimate the hydrodynamic signal strength of the cod larva’s tail beats and the copepod’s perceptive field for larval
fish prey. Cod larvae are more sensitive to fluid velocity than P. norvegica and also appear capable of distinguishing between the signal generated by a swimming and an attacking copepod. However, the
copepod can lunge at much faster velocities than a yolk-sac cod larva can escape, leading to the larva’s capture. These observations
can serve as input to the predator–prey component of ecosystem models intended to assess the impact of P. norvegica on cod larvae. 相似文献
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Francesca Romana Grati Denise Molina Gomes Jose Carlos Pinto B. Ferreira Celine Dupont Viola Alesi Laetitia Gouas Nina Horelli-Kuitunen Kwong Wai Choy Sandra García-Herrero Alberto Gonzalez de la Vega Krzysztof Piotrowski Rita Genesio Gloria Queipo Barbara Malvestiti Bérénice Hervé Brigitte Benzacken Antonio Novelli Philippe Vago Kirsi Piippo Tak Yeung Leung Federico Maggi Thibault Quibel Anne Claude Tabet Giuseppe Simoni François Vialard 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(8):801-809
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Anne L. Engh Rebekah R. Hoffmeier Robert M. Seyfarth Dorothy L. Cheney 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,64(1):97-104
Males in sexually dimorphic species like baboons appear to have surprisingly little influence on the reproduction and dominance
ranks of their female kin, even though they could potentially increase their fitness by helping their relatives improve their
ranks. Male baboons are able to dominate females several years before they emigrate, but their presence has no effect on relatives’
dominance ranks, at least when female kin are present. As a result, females usually acquire ranks within their matriline,
above their older sisters. We describe the process of rank acquisition among orphaned and non-orphaned juvenile and adolescent
females in a group of free-ranging baboons. Orphaned females were significantly more likely than non-orphaned females to acquire
unexpected ranks. Orphaned females with older sisters often acquired ranks within the matriline, but below their older sisters’.
Orphaned females with older brothers were likely to rise in rank above their matriline. Females’ interventions on behalf of
younger sisters always supported the existing female dominance hierarchy, while males’ interventions tended to act against
it. Similarly, in playback experiments, females appeared to be willing to support their younger sister only in disputes with
lower-ranking females. In contrast, males appeared to be willing to support their sister even in disputes with higher-ranking
females. Fraternal support enables females to improve their dominance ranks, but only if their mothers have died. It remains
a puzzle why males have so little influence on their female relatives’ ranks when female kin are present, and so much when
they are absent. 相似文献
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