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531.
Mohammad Sharif Zami 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(6):993-1006
Addressing urban housing crisis is an enormous challenge for most of the countries due to the increasing cost of the building
material. Therefore, affordable alternative building material can make a breakthrough to the urban housing crisis. In the
light of current success of stabilised earth construction in urban low-cost housing, it is important to find out the potential
drivers that can help to adopt this building material. This paper aims to identify and highlight these drivers from the method
of literature review and validates through a Delphi technique. 相似文献
532.
The developing countries i.e., the non-Annex-I countries (parties to the Kyoto Protocol but not responsible to any reduction
target yet) in the Kyoto Protocol whose economies are in transition are also allowed to reduce GHG emissions. Among these,
the countries that have accepted the Kyoto Protocol may be benefited from CDM projects to promote sustainable development.
The developed countries i.e., the Annex-I countries (that have signed the Kyoto Protocol & are responsible to have specific
GHG emission reduction target) or the investing countries, in return, have privilege to purchase CER credits (in units equivalent
to one tonne of CO2 gas emission reduction) to meet the emission target as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. The key step in understanding about
CDM is to grasp the concept of “baseline” and “additionality”. The “Baseline” is the emissions level that would have existed if a CDM project had not happened. The feature of an approved CDM project
is that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reduction credits; this
concept is known as “Additionality”. According to environmental additionality concept, baseline emission minus project emission is equal to emissions reduction.
“Investment Additionality,” ultimately rejected during negotiation of the “Marrakech Accords” and “Financial Additionality,” are the two important concepts. The concept of trading of CER matches to the idea of Pigovian tax (equal to the negative externality and which is considered one of the “traditional” means of bringing a modicum of market
forces) in Economics, making pollution more costly to the polluter, as the polluters have negative cost since they save money
by polluting; hence, there are supposed negative externalities associated with the market activity. Economic theory predicts
that in an economy where the cost of reaching mutual agreement between parties is high and where pollution is diffuse, Pigovian
tax will be an efficient way to promote the public interest and will lead to an improvement of the quality of life measured
by the Genuine Progress Indicator and other human economic indicators, as well as higher gross domestic product growth. We
can seek a level of pollution such that the marginal savings (MS) to one polluting unit from pollution (−MC) is equal to marginal
damage (MD) from pollution over the entire population, since pollution is a public bad i.e., MS (x*) = ∑MDi (x*) where ∑Di (x) is the total damage. Though the responsibility of reduction in emission does not lie on the non-Annex-I countries, still
effort of maintaining global emission balance can be expected equally from developed and developing countries. The responsibilities
of Kyoto Protocol are (a) to reduce global GHG emissions, (b) to bring about sustainable development in the developing countries
lie on above two groups since its effect on February 16, 2005. Different polluters have different costs of pollution control.
The least costly way of controlling pollution from various sources that reflects different costs of pollution control making
the set of environmental regulations to achieve the emission target at the lowest cost makes the regulation cost-effective.
Though efficiency is not attainable for many regulations, cost-effectiveness is attainable. 相似文献
533.
534.
Masahiko Matsuda 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):51-64
This study aims to estimate the intensification of rice farming in Myanmar particularly due to chemical fertilizer application,
using farm-level data obtained from field surveys conducted in the 2000s. Relatively high-input rice farming was found in
dry season crop in the delta zone and the double crop in well-irrigated lowlands of the central dry zone. The chemical fertilizer
used there was about 88–159 kg NPK (nitrogen, N; phosphate, P2O5; and potash, K2O) ha−1 (76–110 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1), and the average paddy yield ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 ton ha−1. On the other hand, nutrient input in survey sites of rain-fed lowland was between 11 and 53 kg NPK ha−1 (5 and 36 kg N ha−1), and the yield ranged from 1.1 to 2.3 ton ha−1. The national average of paddy yield and nutrient input of fertilizer was roughly estimated to be around 2.4 ton ha−1 and 60 kg NPK ha−1, respectively. A gap was observed between these calculated values and the official statistics. A comparison of fertilizer
use efficiency for rice production in Myanmar with that in China and Vietnam has shown that the efficiency in Myanmar has
not declined to an inappropriate level even in its intensive ones. Rice production in Myanmar has room for increasing the
yield by capital intensification. Nevertheless, considering its sustainability as well as productivity, further intensification
in rice farming technology in irrigated lowlands of Myanmar may neither be the best nor the only way. 相似文献
535.
Renewable energy sources are mainly used in the electrical sector. Electricity is not a storable commodity. Hence, it is necessary
to produce the requested quantity and distribute it through the system in such a way as to ensure that electricity supply
and demand are always evenly balanced. This constraint is actually the main problem related to the penetration of new renewables (wind and photovoltaic power)
in the context of complex energy systems. The paper analyzes some aspects in connection with the problem of new renewable
energy penetration. The case of Italian scenario is considered as a meaningful reference due to the characteristic size and
the complexity of the same. The various energy scenarios are evaluated with the aid of a multipurpose software taking into
account the interconnections between the different energetic uses. In particular, it is shown how the penetration of new renewable
energies is limited at an upper level by technological considerations and it will be more sustainable if an integration of
the various energy use (thermal, mobility and electrical) field will be considered. 相似文献
536.
The circular economy has been developing rapidly in recent years in China. A legislative system has been created to provide
legal protection for the development of a circular economy, including a series of price and tax measures in the waste management
area. These measures form the basic foundation for promoting better waste management under the circular economic model. Many
challenges, however, remain. For instance, the legal system needs to incorporate more sophisticated science, and China lacks
key waste treatment technology that could support the further development of a circular economy. There is also a need to educate
the public about the concept of the circular economy and its benefits. Specific suggestions are made for the development and
implementation of the circular economic model. 相似文献
537.
Hisanori Watanabe Hidekichi Yoshino 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):113-117
Since hydrogen is a renewable energy source, biohydrogen has been researched in recent years. However, data on hydrogen fermentation
by a leachate from a waste landfill as inoculum are scarce. We investigated hydrogen production using a leachate from an industrial
waste landfill in Kanagawa Prefecture. The results showed no methane gas production, and the leachate was a suitable inoculum
for hydrogen fermentation. The maximum H2 yield was 2.67 mol of H2 per mol of carbohydrate added, obtained at 30°C and an initial pH of 7. The acetate and butyrate production was significant
when the H2 yield was higher. Oxidation–reduction potential analysis of the culture suggested that hydrogen-producing bacteria in the
leachate were facultative anaerobic. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the hydrogen-producing bacteria
comprised bacilli about 2 μm in length. 相似文献
538.
Guang Yang Bo Yang Chao Yuan Weiwei Geng Haizhou Li 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):146-151
The effects of manufacturing parameters on mechanical properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) bonded with modified soy
protein-based glue were studied to find an appropriate manufacture technology. Physical properties of MDF made with different
amount of wax emulsion were measured. Results indicated that water repellent had no obvious influence on physical properties
of soy protein-based MDF boards. The fiberboards bonded with soy protein-based glue showed stronger water resistance properties
than those bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. Furthermore, the soy protein-based MDF boards had good quality [25.2%
24 h soak thickness swell (TS), 29.9 MPa modulus of rupture (MOR), 3130 MPa modulus of elasticity (MOE)], which met requirements
of Chinese national standard. Practical processing parameters were obtained by orthogonal experiment, i.e., glue content 8.0%,
hot-press temperature 200 °C, and hot-press time 150 s. 相似文献
539.
Waste incineration is becoming increasingly necessary to tackle the rapidly rising amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW);
in China many large cities are already surrounded by a girdle of landfills. Still, the not-in-my-backyard (nimby) syndrome
holds strong. This attitude stems from fear of dioxins. These have been associated with incineration (‘dioxin factories’)
and at times also with polyvinylchloride. In this paper this issue is analysed. China should build additional trust in MSW
incineration, following promulgation of stricter emission standards, enforced by stringent controls. 相似文献
540.
Jung-Eun Lee 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(3):259-263
Effective handling of municipal digested sludge requires that the product cake have low water content. To this end, we investigated
the change in sludge dewaterability after the addition of fly ash to municipal digested sludge, dewatering of which is difficult
because of its high organic content. The performance of the dewatering is compared with that of electroosmotic dewatering
(EDW) and conventional mechanical dewatering (CMD). Fly ash classified by sieving to the size of 25–75 μm and >75 μm is added
to the municipal digested sludge by 10, 20, and 50 wt% by wet base. When adding fly ash particles to municipal digested sludge,
dewatering efficiency improved with smaller fly ash particle size and with increase in the amount. When sludge was dewatered
using an electroosmotic dewatering method, the dewatering efficiency is improved about 40% by adding fly ash of 25–75 μm particle
size with 20 wt% when compared with conventional mechanical dewatering method without adding the fly ash. It is concluded
that fly ash particles rich in inorganic material are helpful in the dewatering process when added to municipal digested sludge
and EDW is more effective than CDW. 相似文献