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51.
Yoshihisa Ohko Yuri Nakamura Nobuaki Negishi Sadao Matsuzawa Koji Takeuchi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(3):289-294
We have discovered that HNO3 and related species are released from the TiO2 surface into air in the TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation of NO2 (1 ppm) under continuous UV light illumination (1 mW cm−2) by dehumidifying the outlet gas of the reaction and analyzing the recovered condensate liquid by ion chromatography. The
origin of the HNO3 recovered in the dehumidifier could not be explained by a simple desorption of HNO3 overproduced on the TiO2 surface. The produced HNO3 must be activated on the TiO2 surface and causing the unidentified reaction. 相似文献
52.
Homologue and isomer patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) in CuCl2-catalyzed formation were studied in an isothermal flow reactor using a distribution of 20 phenols as measured in municipal waste incinerator (MWI) exhaust gases. A mixture of 20 phenols was synthesized and used as reactants for this study because phenols are known to be key precursors in the formation of PCDD/F. Experiments were conducted at 400 degrees C. The 92% of nitrogen (N2) and 8% of oxygen (O2) were used as a carrier gas. PCDD/F homologue and isomer patterns with dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and dibenzofuran (DF) were obtained from a mixture of 20 phenols. DF+PCDF formation was favored over DD+PCDD formation. The major homologue groups formed were non-chlorinated DD and DF, and PCDD/F homologue fraction decreased with the degree of chlorination. PCDD/F homologue and isomer distributions were almost constant. Phenol and lower chlorinated phenols present in high amount played an important role in PCDD/F congener distributions. The results presented here can be used as characteristics or fingerprints for homologue and isomer patterns of PCDD/F formation attribution in CuCl2-catalyzed reaction from phenols. 相似文献
53.
Md. Nasif Ahsan Kuniyoshi Takeuchi Karina Vink Jeroen Warner 《Environmental Hazards》2016,15(1):16-42
Despite sincere efforts by concerned agencies and recent improvements in hazard warnings, thousands of at-risk people did not evacuate during Aila, a category-I tropical cyclone that struck southwestern coastal Bangladesh in 2009. This study investigated the responses of the people affected by Aila to cyclone warnings and associated evacuation orders, and unveiled behavioural aspects that explain why they did or did not comply with the evacuation orders. Utilising the primary data collected from 420 households living in the severely affected coastal sub-district Koyra, located in Khulna District, this study found that although more than 97% of the households had received cyclone warnings and evacuation orders before Aila's landfall, only around 26% had evacuated. We also examined this study's empirical findings for factors that had dissuaded people from complying with the evacuation orders. Relevant test statistics along with results from principal component analysis suggested that the significant and systematic absenteeism of households from disaster preparedness training appears to be one of the key determinants that affected their evacuation decisions, along with factors related to warning messages, the attributes of cyclone shelters, risk perception, and socioeconomic aspects. A number of recommendations are also presented in this study for people at risk to improve their evacuation rates in future emergencies, not only to save their own lives but also to save their livestock. 相似文献
54.
Genetic stock structure of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius ) inferred by PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on PCR amplified DNA fragments containing the control
region of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758) mitochondrial DNA. A total of 456 individuals comprising 13 local samples (six Pacific, three Atlantic, the
Mediterranean Sea, two Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope) were surveyed with four endonucleases (Alu I, Dde I, Hha I and Rsa I), yielding a total of 52 composite genotypes. Within-sample genotypic diversity (H) was high ranging from 0.702 to 0.962 with a value of 0.922 for the pooled sample. Significant geographic variation in the
frequencies of genotypes and restriction patterns was revealed. The Mediterranean sample was highly distinct from all other
samples. Further, Rsa I digestion revealed high levels of polymorphism in all but the Mediterranean samples, indicating that exogenous swordfishes
rarely enter that body of water. Heterogeneity between the North and South Atlantic samples was significant, both of which
differed from those of the Pacific. In contrast, the Indian Ocean samples were not significantly different from the samples
of South Atlantic and Pacific. Genetic differentiation among the Pacific samples was low. The results indicate that the world-wide
swordfish population is genetically structured not only among, but also within ocean basins and suggest that gene flow is
restricted despite the absence of geographic barriers.
Received: 28 August 1996 / Accepted: 2 October 1996 相似文献
55.
I. Takeuchi 《Marine Biology》1998,130(3):417-423
Dry weight (DW), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in four species of caprellids, Caprella danilevskii, C. subinermis, C. penantis R-type, and C. verrucosa, inhabiting Sargassumyezoense (Yamada) in Otsuchi Bay, northeastern Japan, were measured based on live specimens. In all species males tend to grow larger
than females in pereonite II length, which is used as an indicator of body length, and have greater dry weight, carbon and
nitrogen contents. All three parameters (DW, C and N) had highly significant relationships against pereonite II length. Regressions
of female pereonite II length against the three parameters significantly differed from males in the four species. Average
percentages of carbon and nitrogen contents of the total dry weight ranged from 30.82 to 32.21% and 5.82 to 6.86%, respectively.
The carbon/nitrogen ratio tended to decrease against increasing pereonite II length, e.g., 7.2 to 4.3 in C. danilevskii.
Received: 25 November 1996 / Accepted: 31 July 1997 相似文献
56.
Kei Toda Tomoaki Obata Vladimir A. Obolkin Vladimir L. Potemkin Kazutoshi Hirota Masaki Takeuchi Shou Arita Tamara V. Khodzher Michael A. Grachev 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(20):2427-2433
On-site measurement of methanethiol (CH3SH) was performed for three years on ships and cars near a pulp and paper plant standing on the shore of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, to investigate the behavior and impact of atmospheric CH3SH emitted from a point source. Despite its strong odor, there are few reports on atmospheric CH3SH, while many investigations have been carried out on dimethyl sulfide (DMS). In this work, CH3SH and DMS were measured every 15 min by a recently developed automated instrument based on single column trapping/separation and chemiluminescence measurement. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and ozone were also measured simultaneously by individual instruments. Of these sulfur compounds, CH3SH was dominant and its concentration sometimes reached several tens of ppbv. The concentration of CH3SH was high at night, because of the lack of photodecomposition and local winds from the mountain to the lake. Such time variation was marked in the summer. The CH3SH level decreased significantly downwind, while decreases in concentrations of other compounds such as DMS and SO2 were relatively small. From these temporal and spatial variations, the behavior of CH3SH is described in this paper. The impact of CH3SH near the Siberian big sources is discussed with the presented data. 相似文献
57.
58.
Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in model waste incineration in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor have been performed to clarify the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl2 x 2H2O) as a catalyst, both of which contained polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 degrees C, and the amount of air supplied was twice as much as the theoretical amount. The experimental setup had been carefully planned to ensure avoidance of the influences of previous experiments. Results of these present experiments revealed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDFs formed and made the homologue profile shifted towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to PCDFs formation by promoting chlorination via catalytic reactions, whereby the reaction could be important in that organic matters are chlorinated directly by chlorinated compounds related to Deacon reaction such as copper chloride. It was elucidated that characteristic isomer distribution patterns appeared in case the waste contained copper chloride. It is probable in our experiment with copper chloride that PCDFs are mainly formed via catalytic reactions of copper compounds and carbon. 相似文献
59.
This study aimed at clarifying the impact of deforestation and afforestation on the quality of life in a village in Sichuan Province, China. We devised a conceptual model of bioresource production and use based on quantified energy flow. The basic structure of the model has three sectors: production, use, and externals. We developed comprehensive methodology to quantify the model. Bioresource use per person in 1997 was 3.7 GJ for food, 10.2 GJ for fodder, 0.2–0.4 GJ for building material, 12.8 GJ for fuel, and 1.8 GJ for fertilizer, totaling 28.6–28.8 GJ.We used four environmental indicators to evaluate bioresource production and use: a biological productivity indicator, a use-efficiency indicator, a supply–demand balance indicator, and a self-sufficiency indicator. Use of these indicators showed that supply-demand balance of fuel was dramatically improved from 30% to 85% by afforestation, but 99% of bioresource use still depends on domestic products. Thus, it is necessary to improve biological productivity and promote the efficient use of bioresources to achieve sustainable living in the area. Massive deforestation in the 1950s caused a direct shortage of building material and fuel wood. The shortage of wood led to a stagnation in the rebuilding of houses, and fuel wood was substituted with crop residues. Because crop residues had been used for fertilizer and fodder, their use as fuel caused a shortage of fertilizer and fodder. This was an indirect impact of deforestation on peoples quality of life. 相似文献
60.
Godwin Oladele Olutona Solomon Ayanwuyi Ayano Oludayo Obayomi-Davies 《Chemistry and Ecology》2014,30(6):513-531
Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water and sediment from Aiba reservoir (Southwestern Nigeria) have been assessed. The aim of the study was to investigate the pollution status of the reservoir water and the bottom sediment. Analytical measurements were carried out for 20 OCPs using standard literature methods. The results showed higher levels of OCPs in the bottom sediment than the water. Significant positive correlations at p<0.05 level were observed for OCPs compounds in water except γ-BHC and endosulfan III, whereas in sediments α-chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan II, pp-DDT, endrin ketone and methoxychlor did not show any correlation, and aldrin was negatively correlated with pp-DDD. The mean levels of OCPs in both water and sediments were higher, in most cases, than recommended levels for drinking water. Owing to possible toxicity and bioaccumulation tendency of OCPs by the aquatic habitats, the levels of OCPs detected in water and sediment samples could be a source of future health problems. Environmental monitoring of the reservoir is highly recommended. 相似文献