重金属污染物在下包气带饱水条件下迁移转化的研究

不同的重金属污染物进入饱水的下包气带土层之后,由于其形态和价态变化差异较大,在土壤中的迁移、转化特征有明显差别,其迁移顺序为Cr_2O_7~(2-)>AsO_2~->>Hg~(2+)>Cd~(2+)>Pb~(2+).不同土质对重金属污染物迁移的影响为:在砂土中迁移最快,亚砂土中次之,亚粘土中最慢.     

Simulated photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter in lakes revealed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix with regional integration and parallel factor analysis

Simulated photo-degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter(FDOM) in Lake Baihua(BH) and Lake Hongfeng(HF) was investigated with three-dimensional excitationemission matrix(3 DEEM) fluorescence combined with the fluorescence regional integration(FRI),parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis,and multi-order kinetic models.In the FRI analysis,fulvic-like and humic-like materials were the main constituents for both BH-FDOM and HF-FDOM.Four individual components were identified by use of PARAFAC analysis as humic-like components(C1),fulvic-like components(C2),protein-like components(C3) and unidentified components(C4).The maximum 3 DEEM fluorescence intensity of PARAFAC components C1-C3 decreased by about 60%,70% and 90%,respectively after photo-degradation.The multi-order kinetic model was acceptable to represent the photo-degradation of FDOM with correlation coefficient(R_(adj)~2)(0.963-0.998).The photo-degradation rate constants(k_n) showed differences of three orders of magnitude,from 1.09 x 10~(-6) to 4.02 x 10~(-4) min-1,and half-life of multi-order model(T_(1/2)~n)ranged from 5.26 to 64.01 min.The decreased values of fluorescence index(FI) and biogenic index(BI),the fact that of percent fluorescence response parameter of Region I(P_(Ⅰ,n)) showed the greatest change ratio,followed by percent fluorescence response parameter of Region II(P_(Ⅱ,n),while the largest decrease ratio was found for C3 components,and the lowest T_(1/2)~n was observed for C3,indicated preferential degradation of protein-like materials/components derived from biological sources during photodegradation.This research on the degradation of FDOM by 3 DEEM/FRI-PARAFAC would be beneficial to understanding the photo-degradation of FD OM in natural environments and accurately predicting the environmental behaviors of contaminants in the presence of FDOM.     

Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds conducted by tethered balloon in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, knowledge of the VOC vertical profile in the lower troposphere of major Chinese cities is poorly understood. In this study, tethered balloon flights were conducted over the juncture of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China during the winter of 2016. Thirty-six vertical air samples were collected on selected heavy and light pollution days at altitudes of 50-1000 meters above ground level. On average, the concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) at 50-100 m was 4.9 times higher than at 900-1000 m (46.9 ppbV vs. 8.0 ppbV). TVOC concentrations changed rapidly from altitudes of 50-100 to 401-500 m, with an average decrease of 72%. With further altitude increase, the TVOC concentration gradually decreased. The xylene/benzene ratios of 34/36 air samples were lower than 1.1, and the benzene/toluene ratios of 34/36 samples were higher than 0.4, indicating the occurrence of aged air mass during the sampling period. Alkenes contributed most in terms of both OH loss rate (39%-71%) and ozone formation potential (40%-72%), followed by aromatics (6%-38%). Finally, the main factors affecting the vertical distributions of VOCs were local source emission and negative dispersion conditions on polluted days. These data could advance our scientific understanding of VOC vertical distribution.     

多元热流体项目风险评价技术的应用

多元热流体技术项目近年来在新疆油田开展了众多现场试验工作,取得了一定进展。项目现场装置区主要包括复合热载体发生器及其配套系统,项目实施过程危险有害因素较多。通过研究分析,对生产单元进行了划分,辨识了各单元危险有害因素,运用HSE风险评价工具对风险进行了评价,提出了对策措施。     

中国CDM项目开发现状及存在问题分析研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)是国际社会实现温室气体减排的履约机制之一。目前中国已成为CDM市场的主要输出国,但在CDM项目开发过程中还存在很多问题,例如区域分布不平衡、碳排放权交易标准不统一、缺乏激励机制等。在经济发展和节能减排的双重压力下,中国政府声明将严格遵守《巴黎协定》,正在积极落实已提出的到2020年控制温室气体排放行动目标,并向联合国提交了到2030年的"国家自主贡献"行动目标。中国的积极行动推动了全球气候问题的解决。     

Fluorescence regional integration and differential fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of structural characteristics and proton binding properties of fulvic acid sub-fractions

Structural characteristics and proton binding properties of sub-fractions (FA3–FA13) of fulvic acid (FA), eluted stepwise by pyrophosphate buffer were examined by use of fluorescence titration combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and differential fluorescence spectroscopy (DFS). Humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) materials, which accounted for more than 80% of fluorescence response, were dominant in five sub-fractions of FA. Based on FRI analysis, except the response of F-L materials in FA9 and FA13, maximum changes in percent fluorescence response were less than 10% as pH was increased from 2.5 to 11.5. Contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups were compared for fluorescence peaks of FA sub-fractions based on pH-dependent fluorescence derived from DFS. Static quenching was the dominant mechanism for binding of protons by FA sub-fractions. Dissociation constants (pKa) were calculated by use of results of DFS and the modified Stern-Volmer relationship. The pKa of H-L, F-L, tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like materials of FA sub-fractions exhibited ranges of 3.17–4.06, 3.12–3.97, 4.14–4.45 and 4.25–4.76, respectively, for acidic pHs. At basic pHs, values of pKa for corresponding materials were in ranges of 9.71–10.24, 9.62–10.99, 9.67–10.31 and 9.33–10.28, respectively. At acidic pH, protein-like (P-L) materials had greater affinities for protons than did either H-L or F-L materials. The di-carboxylic and phenolic groups were likely predominant sites of protonation for both H-L and F-L materials at both acidic and basic pHs. Amino acid groups were significant factors during proton binding to protein-like materials of FA sub-fractions at basic pH.     

云南边疆环境问题初探

云南边疆风景秀丽,资源富饶,但由于各种因素,云南边疆的环境受到了严重破坏。本文通过列举事实,对云南边疆环境破坏的现状与程度进行了详细阐述,并结合实例直言不讳地分析了边疆环境破坏的原因,尝试性地提出了保护云南边疆环境,实现边疆经济可持续发展的可行性建议。     

1951-2008年东北地区水分盈亏量时空格局

基于1951-2008年东北地区106个气象站点的实测数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散量,并将气候水分盈亏量表示为同期降水量与潜在蒸散量之差。最后,通过Kendall秩次相关趋势分析、Morlet小波函数、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法探讨了东北地区水分盈亏量的时空变化特征。结果表明:①1951-2008年,东北地区多年平均水分盈亏量在-850~650 mm之间变化,呈自东向西、自北向南、自东北向西南逐渐减少的空间变化趋势;②东北地区106个气象站点中有97个站点的水分盈亏量呈下降趋势,其中28个站点的下降趋势能通过P<0.05的显著性检验;③全区平均、海拉尔、长春、宽甸年际波动明显,多年平均值依次为-283.60、-427.25、-362.58、334.91 mm,四者的水分盈亏量年内分配不均匀,最小值出现在5月,最大值出现在7-8月;④水分盈亏量存在周期结构性,偏高期、偏低期交替出现,全区平均、海拉尔、长春、宽甸的第一主周期依次为26、28、25、9 a,水分盈亏量还具有突变特征,全区平均在1999年发生了一次减少突变,长春在1958、1998年各发生了一次减少突变。     

焦化废水深度处理试验

根据包钢生化二级处理水质及处理水回用要求,选取"Fenton氧化+生物接触法+膜处理"和"臭氧+生物活性炭+膜处理"两套焦化废水深度处理方案进行中试试验,通过试验比较分析了两套方案的技术经济性,得出采用"臭氧氧化+生物活性炭+膜处理"工艺技术可行,并结合实际提出了焦化废水分级处理的出水回用途径.     

滇池底泥堆场次生植被富集污染物调查

对滇池周边3个底泥堆场次生演替恢复过程中主要植物的生态学特征和污染物富集情况进行了调查。结果表明：随着底泥堆场由表流湿地向潜流湿地过渡,植被的整体含水量逐渐减少,种群密度逐渐增加;3个底泥堆场优势种的生物量随着植被恢复时间的增长而逐步减少;植物优势种富集某种重金属的能力与生物量的相关性系数（Zn〈Cu〈Pb〈As〈Cr〈Cd〈Hg）随富集能力的提高而降低,其中Hg的富集与生物量有较高的相关性;水生植物富集污染物的能力高于陆生植物;水生植物富集污染物能力最强的是凤眼蓝,其次是长柱柳叶菜和水烛;陆生植物富集污染物能力最强的是稗、云南莎草和水蓼。