曝气对水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

通过构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以NaCl为示踪剂开展示踪实验,研究曝气对人工湿地水力特性的影响。实验结果表明,两对比系统均存在不同程度的短流及死区现象,短流主要发生在床体表层,而死区则存在于床体底层。其中未曝气人工湿地系统的流场分布不均匀现象较为严重,示踪剂滞留在床体底层难以回收,系统水力效率较低(0.56)。比较而言,由于气流对水体的扰动作用,曝气对人工湿地系统水力效率有明显改善作用,减缓了床体表层水流速度,提高了示踪剂回收率,缩小了死区的范围,曝气人工湿地系统的水力效率为0.75。     

A Model to Predict the System Performance of an Electrostatic Precipitator for Collecting Polydisperse Particles

Abstract

This paper presents a model for predicting the performance of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for collecting polydisperse particles. The particle charge was obtained by modifying Cochet’s charge equation; the particle size distribution was approximated by a lognormal function; and then the statistic method of moments was employed to obtain a set of the first three moment equations. The continuous evolution of the particle size distribution in an ESP is easily taken into account by the first three moment equations. The performance of this model was validated by comparing its predictions with the existing data available in the literature. Effects of the particle size distribution on the ESP performance were examined, and the results indicated that both overall mass and number efficiencies are lower for inlet particles with a larger mass median diameter and a higher geometric standard deviation. The methodology introduced may be applied to develop design criteria and determine optimal operating conditions of an ESP for improving the collection efficiency of the submicron particles.     

A Study on the Treatment of CO2, SO2, Nox,and Fly Ash by Pulse Activation

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a technique for the complete, simultaneous decomposition of CO₂, SO₂, and NO_x, as well as the simultaneous removal of fly ash by ultra-high voltage pulse activation. Ultra-high voltage narrow pulse is used to make the gases in the reactor become active molecules, which are then dissociated into nonpoisonous gas molecules and solid particles under the control of a directional reaction model. By using a sufficient charge and a strong electric field, the fly ash can be removed. It becomes the carrier of C and S, and its efficiency is 99.5%. Owing to the action of catalyst B (using Ni as the mother's body), the activation energy of CO₂, SO₂, and NO_x gases is reduced in great magnitude, and their removal efficiency can reach 75~90% at normal pressure and 180 °C.     

Removal of SO2 from Simulated Flue Gases Using Non-Thermal Plasma-Based Microgap Discharge

Abstract

The removal of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from simulated flue gases streams (N₂/O₂/H₂O/SO₂) was experimentally investigated using microgap discharge. In the experiment, the thinner dielectric layers of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) were used to form the microgap discharge. With this physical method, a high concentration of hydroxyl (OH·) radicals were produced using the ionization of O₂ and H₂O to further the conversion of SO₂ into sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at 120° C in the absence of any catalysts and absorbents, which were captured with the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). As a result, the increase of discharge power and concentrations of O₂ and H₂O increased the production of OH· radicals resulting in enhanced removal of SO₂ from gas streams. With the test and analysis, a number of H₂SO₄ droplets were produced in experiment. Therefore, a new method for removal of SO₂ in semidry method without ammonia (NH₃) additive was found.     

生物脱氮与甲烷化耦合的EGSB-BAF工艺模拟

以活性污泥3号模型(ASM3)为平台,通过引入厌氧氨氧化和甲烷化过程、以2步硝化-反硝化取代1步硝化-反硝化过程以及区分硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐条件下的内源呼吸过程,建立了同时具有甲烷化、厌氧氨氧化和2步硝化反硝化功能的EGSB-BAF工艺模型.该模型包括5种微生物、28个生物过程,同时考虑了温度、pH值和抑制性物质对生物过程的影响.以实验室EGSB-BAF集成工艺的实验数据,结合灵敏度分析对部分模型参数进行了校核.采用校核后的模型对集成工艺EGSB段和BAF段出水的COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N浓度进行模拟,结果表明,EGSB段和BAF段的出水中COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N浓度的模拟值与实测值的误差在可接受范围内.表明模型能够描述工艺的主要生物反应过程,可以作为指导工艺研究、设计和运行优化的手段.     

Effects of four commonly used UV filters on the growth,cell viability and oxidative stress responses of the Tetrahymena thermophila

UV filters are increasingly used in sunscreens and other personal care products. Although their residues have been widely identified in aquatic environment, little is known about the influences of UV filters to protozoan. The growth inhibition effects, cell viability and oxidative stress responses of four commonly used UV filters, 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and octocrylene (OC), to protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila were investigated in this study. The 24-h EC₅₀ values with 95% confidence intervals for BP-3 and 4-MBC were 7.544 (6.561–8.675) mg L⁻¹ and 5.125 (4.874–5.388) mg L⁻¹, respectively. EHMC and OC did not inhibit the growth of T. thermophila after 24 h exposure at the tested concentrations. The results of cell viability assays with propidium iodide (PI) staining were consistent with that of the growth inhibition tests. As for BP-3 and 4-MBC, the relatively higher concentrations, i.e. of 10.0 and 15.0 mg L⁻¹, could lead to the cell membranes impairment after 4 h exposure. With the increase of the exposure time to 6 h, their adverse effects on cell viability of T. thermophila were observed at the relatively lower concentration groups (1.0 mg L⁻¹ and 5.0 mg L⁻¹). In addition, it is noticeable that at environmentally relevant concentration (1.0 μg L⁻¹), BP-3 and 4-MBC could lead to the significant increase of catalase (CAT) activities of the T. thermophila cells. Especially for the BP-3, the oxidative injuries were further confirmed by the reduction of glutathione (GSH) content. It is imperative to further investigate the additive action of UV filters and seek other sensitive endpoint, especially at environmentally relevant concentration.     

耐受重金属的芘降解真菌的筛选及芘降解动力学研究

为了提高复合污染土壤修复的微生物资源的丰富度,为混合菌群修复污染土壤积累资料,利用多环芳烃-重金属双抗培养基在污染土壤中筛选得到一株对Cu和Cd有高耐受性的芘降解真菌,经分子生物学鉴定为米曲霉。探究了米曲霉对芘污染水体的降解效果及对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受程度,利用缺乏生长基质的毒性抑制动力学模型对芘单基质降解过程进行了拟合,以期为后续共代谢、固定化的研究及实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。结果表明:(1)米曲霉以芘为单基质代谢时,降解率为33%;(2)米曲霉对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受浓度分别为500 mg/L和50 mg/L,分别高出国家土壤重金属二级标准5倍和83倍;(3)米曲霉对单基质芘的降解符合Crridle提出的毒性抑制动力学简化模型Sc=Sc0·Tb*cX0(1-e-bt)(R2=0.9237)。芘初始浓度Sc0=80 mg/L,米曲霉投加量X0=85 mg/L时,数值拟合得到内源呼吸常数b=0.027,生物转化量Tb*c=0.2875。该米曲霉对单基质芘及重金属Cu和Cd表现出一定的降解性能及耐受性能,故可经过适当强化后作为多环芳烃-重金属污染土壤的微生物修复菌种。     

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及动力学研究

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源,通过摇床实验进行反硝化过程动力学研究。实验结果表明,以吡啶和喹啉为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累率分别达到了53.4%和16.4%;以吲哚为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累现象不明显,最高不超过4%。以NO-3-N+0.6 NO-2-N作为反硝化电子受体,采用基于Monod方程的动态模型进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好。其次,采用基于Monod方程的微分方程组模型,也能够很好地拟合3种碳源条件下反硝化过程硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐质量浓度的变化,得到相应的动力学参数。     

转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效果简

施工车辆车轮带泥是我国道路扬尘污染控制面临的共性和突出问题。为在国内推广使用洗轮机提供技术依据,通过检测工地出口外道路积尘负荷来估算转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率,并以该洗轮机作为车轮带泥检测设备,检测和统计北京市车轮带泥量。结果表明,（1）转轮式洗轮机可以将工地出口外100 m道路积尘负荷增量由64.4 g/m²降至5.9 g/m²,转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率大于90%;（2）渣土车和混凝土车车轮带泥量的平均值分别为5.1和2.2 kg/车;（3）北京市未来车轮带泥量将超过8.8万t/a,施工车辆全部经过转轮式洗轮机冲洗后,车轮带泥量可削减7.9万t/a。建议在相关法律法规中以强制性条款落实施工车辆车轮带泥机械化冲洗要求。     

模拟酸雨对氧化锰吸附砷(Ⅲ)的解吸行为研究

以合成的氧化锰为吸附剂研究了酸雨pH值、酸雨离子强度、解吸时间和解吸次数等因素对模拟酸雨解吸砷(Ⅲ)的影响。实验结果表明:氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)吸附容量较大,等温平衡吸附量为:48.38 mg/g。模拟酸雨的pH值与离子强度对砷(Ⅲ)的解吸影响不大;解吸反应在90 min后基本达到平衡,平衡解吸量为2.69×10-2mg/g;随解吸次数的增加解吸量变化不大。氧化锰对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附主要是专性的配位吸附,吸附砷(Ⅲ)后难以被模拟酸雨解吸。