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571.
Jörg Luster Manoj Menon Sandra Hermle Rainer Schulin Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg Bernd Nowack 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):163-176
Soil translocation for recultivation of soil removed from construction sites and for the preparation of refilled lysimeters
inevitably involves disturbance of soil structure, and, if intermediate storage is included, also drying and rewetting of
the soil. We report on an experiment with model forest ecosystems, where uncontaminated forest subsoils were covered with
non-contaminated or freshly heavy metal (mainly Zn and Cu) contaminated topsoil in large lysimeters. Monitoring of the chemical
composition of the drainage water revealed two distinct soil conditioning phases. During an initial phase of about a year
strongly elevated nitrate and sulfate concentrations occurred that were attributed to a mineralisation flush caused by the
increased accessability of mineralisable nitrogen and sulfur in destroyed aggregates. These effects were significantly larger
in lysimeters with calcareous subsoil than in those with acidic subsoil. The second phase was characterised by a gradual decrease
in dissolved organic carbon and sulfate concentrations, in particular in the acidic subsoil. This decrease may be attributed
to the depletion of pools made accessible during aggregate destruction or the formation of new aggregates. These chemical
changes had only little effects on the concentrations of copper and zinc in the drainage water. Based on our results, it can
be concluded that large refilled lysimeters can be used for many purposes without risk of compromised results, if a conditioning
phase of about 1 year with sufficiently moist soil conditions is respected. Nevertheless, gradual changes in soil chemical
characteristics still occur after this initial phase. Implications for the recultivation of sites using relocated soils are
discussed. 相似文献
572.
Reiner Schroll Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Jean Charles Munch 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):209-216
Several lysimeter scenarios and approaches exist to study the fate of agro-chemicals or contaminants from deposition in soil
columns. In many systems just transport and leaching of the parent compound is followed, in some systems the leaching and
transport of the metabolites is investigated as well. In more sophisticated lysimeter systems the volatilization and also
the mineralization of the applied chemicals can be additionally monitored. Depending on the lysimeter system used and on the
fact whether the applied chemicals are 14C-labeled or not, different results and various interpretations of the results might be achieved. Different lysimeter systems
are described in this paper and a real dataset of a specific lysimeter experiment was transferred and evaluated in a virtual
approach in the different lysimeter systems in order to show the advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. 相似文献
573.
A.S. van Jaarsveld A.O. Nicholls M.H. Knight 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(2-3):155-163
The use of a quantitative population growth model to investigate the persistence of South African elephant populations is explored. The model provides quantitative assessments of population persistence and confidence intervals for estimated parameters based purely on population size estimates. The analysis supports the view that most of the larger populations in the region are secure. This view is further supported by a lack of density dependent effects in most of the recovering populations and the high population rates of increase observed. This predominantly positive prognosis is in contrast with that emerging from most of the rest of the African continent where the populations are under greater threat because of habitat restriction and direct human conflict. This preliminary assessment of elephant population persistence suggests that “viable” populations may lie between 400 and 6000 individuals. Although not inconsistent with information-greedy genetic and demographic models, the relationship between population growth versus genetic and demographic models should be further investigated. The implementation of a metapopulation management strategy towards these smaller populations is advocated. In addition, as all of the populations included in this analysis have been afforded some degree of protection since the 1920s, continued protection would be a prerequisite for their continued survival. 相似文献
574.
Jacobus C. Biesmeijer Mark G. L. van Nieuwstadt Saskia Lukács Marinus J. Sommeijer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(2):107-116
Social insect foragers have to make foraging decisions based on information that may come from two different sources: information
learned and memorised through their own experience (“internal” information) and information communicated by nest mates or
directly obtained from their environment (“external” information). The role of these sources of information in decision-making
by foragers was studied observationally and experimentally in stingless bees of the genus Melipona. Once a Melipona forager had started its food-collecting career, its decisions to initiate, continue or stop its daily collecting activity
were mainly based upon previous experience (activity on previous days, the time at which foraging was initiated the day(s)
before, and, during the day, the success of the last foraging flights) and mediated through direct interaction with the food
source (load size harvested and time to collect a load). External information provided by returning foragers advanced the
start of foraging of experienced bees. Most inexperienced bees initiated their foraging day after successful foragers had
returned to the hive. The start of foraging by other inexperienced bees was stimulated by high waste-removal activity of nest
mates. By experimentally controlling the entries of foragers (hence external information input) it was shown that very low
levels of external information input had large effect on the departure of experienced foragers. After the return of a single
successful forager, or five foragers together, the rate of forager exits increased dramatically for 15 min. Only the first
and second entry events had large effect; later entries influenced forager exit patterns only slightly. The results show that
Melipona foragers make decisions based upon their own experience and that communication stimulates these foragers if it concerns the
previously visited source. We discuss the organisation of individual foraging in Melipona and Apis mellifera and are led to the conclusion that these species behave very similarly and that an information-integration model (derived
from Fig. 1) could be a starting point for future research on social insect foraging.
Received: 16 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 相似文献
575.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made available on the worldwide web a systematic stream stressor identification
procedure, the “Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System” or CADDIS. We report here the results of a survey of
regulators and scientists in 11 states who use CADDIS or another stressor identification procedure in their work. The 13 survey
questions address guidelines as to what impairment scenarios to approach with stressor identification, what information is
needed to perform stressor identification, and what the stakeholder role is in performing stressor identification. At the
time of this survey (the summer of 2009), the EPA CADDIS website was less commonly used among the state regulators surveyed
than the published EPA stressor identification document on which it is based. The respondents generally find the EPA stressor
identification procedure useful and capable of being adapted to their individual needs. Survey respondents all use stressor
identification in their Total Maximum Daily Load work, but also in a wide variety of other applications. All the “types of
evidence” included in the CADDIS stressor identification procedure are used by the practitioners surveyed with the exception
of the results of ecological simulation models. While the CADDIS documentation encourages the involvement of stakeholders
in stressor identification, most respondents do not assemble stakeholder teams of local officials and citizens to participate
in stressor analyses. 相似文献
576.
Mehmet Sinan Bilgili Gamze Varank Elif Sekman Selin Top Didem Özçimen Remziye Yazıcı 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2012,17(3):289-300
Since phenols and phenolic compounds in many industrial wastewaters are toxic organic contaminants for humans and aquatic
life, to remove these compounds via the most efficient way is very important for environmental remediation treatment. In this
context, almost all of the isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Redlich–Peterson, Sips, and Khan) for adsorption
in the literature were applied to explain the adsorption mechanism of 4-chlorophenol on activated carbon in this study. Also
theoretical modeling data were obtained using model equations; interpolation and analysis of variance were made to compare
data by using statistics software. In addition, the thermodynamic and kinetic studies for adsorption mechanism were included
in the article. The adsorption of 4-chlorophenol on activated carbon fits well to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model than
the pseudo-second-order, intraparticular diffusion and Bangham models. It is also indicated that 4-chlorophenol adsorption
by granular activated carbon would be attributed to a type of transition between physical and chemical adsorption rather than
a pure physical or chemical adsorption process. As a result, an environmental remediation problem and the adsorption mechanism
on activated carbon that can be regarded as a solution to this problem are described and explained using the mathematical
models and calculations in this study. 相似文献
577.
Climate change research with the economic methodology of cost–benefit analysis is challenging because of valuation and ethical issues associated with the long delays between CO2 emissions and much of their potential damages, typically of several centuries. The large uncertainties with which climate change impacts are known today and the possibly temporary nature of some envisaged CO2 abatement options exacerbate this challenge. For example, potential leakage of CO2 from geological reservoirs, after this greenhouse gas has been stored artificially underground for climate control reasons, requires an analysis in which the uncertain climatic consequences of leakage are valued over many centuries. We here present a discussion of some of the relevant questions in this context and provide calculations with the top–down energy-environment-economy model DEMETER. Given the long-term features of the climate change conundrum as well as of technologies that can contribute to its solution, we considered it necessary extending DEMETER to cover a period from today until the year?3000, a time span so far hardly investigated with integrated assessment models of climate change. 相似文献
578.
A major characteristic of our global interactive climate-energy system is the large uncertainty that exists with respect to both future environmental requirements and the means available for fulfilling these. Potentially, a key technology for leading the transition from the current fossil fuel-dominated energy system to a more sustainable one is carbon dioxide capture and storage. Uncertainties exist, however, concerning the large-scale implementability of this technology, such as related to the regional availability of storage sites for the captured CO2. We analyze these uncertainties from an integrated assessment perspective by using the bottom-up model TIAM-ECN and by studying a set of scenarios that cover a range of different climate targets and technology futures. Our study consists of two main approaches: (1) a sensitivity analysis through the investigation of a number of scenarios under perfect foresight decision making and (2) a stochastic programming exercise that allows for simultaneously considering a set of potential future states-of-the-world. We find that, if a stringent climate (forcing) target is a possibility, it dominates the solution: if deep CO2 emission reductions are not started as soon as possible, the target may become unreachable. Attaining a stringent climate target comes in any case at a disproportionally high price, which indicates that adaptation measures or climate damages might be preferable to the high mitigation costs such a target implies. 相似文献
579.
Thomas Minning Darren A. Lytle Maily Pham Keith Kelty 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2015,187(6):383
Distinguishing between soluble and particulate lead in drinking water is useful in understanding the mechanism of lead release and identifying remedial action. Typically, particulate lead is defined as the amount of lead removed by a 0.45-μm filter. Unfortunately, there is little guidance regarding selection of filter membrane material and little consideration to the possibility of the sorption of dissolved lead to the filter. The objective of this work was to examine the tendency of 0.45-μm syringe filter materials to adsorb lead. Tests were performed with water containing 40 and 24 μg/L soluble lead at pH 7 buffered with 50 mg C/L dissolved inorganic concentration (DIC). The amounts of lead sorbed greatly varied by filter, and only two filter types, polypropylene and mixed cellulose esters, performed well and are recommended. Great care must be taken in choosing a filter when filtering soluble lead and interpreting filter results. 相似文献
580.
V. Vijayasree Hebsy Bai S. Naseema Beevi Thomas Biju Mathew Thomas George George Xavier 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2015,187(5):299
Dissipation and decontamination of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 18.5 SC) in brinjal and okra fruits were studied following field application at single and double doses of 30 and 60 g ai ha?1, and the residues of the insecticide was estimated using LC-MS/MS. Initial residues of chlorantraniliprole at single and double doses on the fruits of brinjal were 0.72 and 1.48 mg kg?1, while on okra fruits, the residues were 0.48 and 0.91 mg kg?1, respectively. The residues reached below detectable level of 0.01 mg kg?1 on the 10th day. Half-life of chlorantraniliprole at 30 and 60 g ai ha?1 on brinjal was 1.58 and 1.80 days with the calculated waiting period of 0.69 and 2.38 days, whereas on okra, the values were 1.60 and 1.70 and 0 and 1.20 days, respectively. The extent of removal of chlorantraniliprole using simple decontaminating techniques at 2 h and 3 days after spraying was 40.99–91.37 % and 29.85–89.12 %, respectively, from brinjal fruits and 47.78–86.10 % and 41.77–86.48 %, respectively, from okra fruits. 相似文献