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151.
Pierre Hennebert Arnaud Papin Jean-Marie Padox Benoît Hasebrouck 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(7):1577-1588
The classification of waste as hazardous could soon be assessed in Europe using largely the hazard properties of its constituents, according to the the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation. Comprehensive knowledge of the component constituents of a given waste will therefore be necessary. An analytical protocol for determining waste composition is proposed, which includes using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) screening methods to identify major elements and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) screening techniques to measure organic compounds. The method includes a gross or indicator measure of ‘pools’ of higher molecular weight organic substances that are taken to be less bioactive and less hazardous, and of unresolved ‘mass’ during the chromatography of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The concentration of some elements and specific compounds that are linked to specific hazard properties and are subject to specific regulation (examples include: heavy metals, chromium(VI), cyanides, organo-halogens, and PCBs) are determined by classical quantitative analysis. To check the consistency of the analysis, the sum of the concentrations (including unresolved ‘pools’) should give a mass balance between 90% and 110%. Thirty-two laboratory samples comprising different industrial wastes (liquids and solids) were tested by two routine service laboratories, to give circa 7000 parameter results. Despite discrepancies in some parameters, a satisfactory sum of estimated or measured concentrations (analytical balance) of 90% was reached for 20 samples (63% of the overall total) during this first test exercise, with identified reasons for most of the unsatisfactory results. Regular use of this protocol (which is now included in the French legislation) has enabled service laboratories to reach a 90% mass balance for nearly all the solid samples tested, and most of liquid samples (difficulties were caused in some samples from polymers in solution and vegetable oil). The protocol is submitted to French and European normalization bodies (AFNOR and CEN) and further improvements are awaited. 相似文献
152.
Nathan Ayer Raymond P. Côté Peter H. Tyedmers J.H. Martin Willison 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(3):321-324
This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production on “The Sustainability of Seafood Production and Consumption”. The purpose of the special issue is to bring together a series of papers that will form a nucleus for the growth of an emerging area of scholarship. Overfishing and marine habitat damage have generated a global crisis in the production of seafood. In order to respond to this crisis we need systems for the management of seafood production and consumption that will comprehensively reduce and eventually eliminate wastefulness in both capture fisheries and aquaculture systems. Thirteen papers address these issues, with focuses on: seafood harvesting practices, fish processing, life cycle assessment, eco-efficiency, management of wastes, seafood distribution and consumption, total energy costs, eco-labeling, and the conservation of resources and biodiversity. We conclude that major changes are required in our approaches to the management of both the marine environment and our seafood capture and production systems. We also conclude that steps have been taken in this direction, but there is still far to go. 相似文献
153.
In the context of ecosystem approach to fisheries, it is a critical issue to build management tools able to predict the possible trajectories of ecosystems under various human pressure or environmental variations, but also capable to point out influent and sensitive components. 相似文献
154.
Mevlüt Şener Ural 《Chemosphere》2013,90(7):2059-2064
The present study was carried out to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of lycopene against chlorpyrifos (CPF) toxicity in carp. The fish were divided into 7 different experimental groups and received the following treatments: Group 1, control; Group 2, orally administered corn oil; Group 3, oral lycopene (10 mg kg?1 body weight); Group 4, exposure to 0.040 mg L?1 CPF; Group 5, exposure to 0.040 mg L?1 CPF plus oral administration of 10 mg kg?1 lycopene; Group 6, exposure to 0.080 mg L?1 CPF; and Group 7, exposure to 0.040 mg L?1 CPF plus oral administration of 10 mg kg?1 lycopene. Treatment was continued for 14 d and samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their oxidant–antioxidant status, including the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. The samples were also measured for changes in the haematological parameters, such as the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, the haemoglobin concentration (Hb), the haematocrit (Ht) level, and the erythrocyte indices: the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The findings of this study demonstrated that CPF had a negative effect on the haematological parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish; this toxic effect was neutralised by the administration of lycopene. The present results suggest that lycopene (10 mg kg?1) can be effective in the protection of CPF-induced toxicity in fish. 相似文献
155.
Vincent Thieu Gilles Billen Josette Garnier Marc Benoît 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(2):359-370
Nitrogen contamination of ground and surface water in the Seine, Somme and Scheldt watersheds, as well as in the receiving
coastal marine zones, results in severe ecological problems. Previous modelling results showed that the implementation of
classical management measures involving improvement of wastewater purification and “good agricultural practices” are not sufficient
to obviate these problems. A more radical scenario was therefore established, consisting of a generalised shift to organic
agriculture of all agricultural areas in the three basins, with the additional constraints that livestock is fed only on local
fodder production. This scenario involves an increased livestock density in the Seine and Somme and a decrease in livestock
in the Scheldt basin. It leads to a significant reduction of agricultural production that finally brings the three basins
closer to autotrophy/heterotrophy equilibrium. Nitrate concentrations in most of the drainage network would drop below the
threshold of 2.25 mgN/l in the most optimistic hypothesis. The excess of nitrogen over silica (with respect to the requirements
of marine diatoms) delivered into the coastal zones would be decreased by a factor from 2 to 5, thus strongly reducing, but
not entirely eliminating the potential for marine eutrophication. 相似文献
156.
Hartmut Frank Harald Scholl Dirk Renschen Benoît Rether Abdelkrim Laouedj Yrjö Norokorpi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1994,1(1):4-14
Haloacetic acids are atmospheric oxidation products of airborne C2-halocarbons which are important solvents and propellants. Levels of trichloroacetate (TCA) in conifer needles from mountain
ranges in Germany (Black Forest, Erzgebirge) and from two sites in Finland are compared; TCA is present in conifer needles
at concentrations up to 0.7 μmol/kg, MCA up to 0.2 μmol/kg. At the Finnish sites, TCA-concentrations and branch degeneration
symptoms of Scots pine are correlated. Monochloroacetate (MCA) has been determined in needle samples from Southern Germany
in concentrations exceeding its phytotoxicity threshold towards photoautotrophic organisms. Data on atmospheric chloroacetate
levels in Germany are also given; ambient air levels of chloroacetic acids range from about 2 pmol/m3 (TCA) to 390 pmol/m3 (MCA). TCA and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) arise from atmospheric oxidation of airborne C2-chlorocarbons, while the source of MCA is not yet known; several tentative pathways are suggested. 相似文献
157.
Ivan Kuneš Martin Baláš Tereza Koňasová Ondřej Špulák Vratislav Balcar Kateřina Bednářová Millerová Dušan Kacálek Michal Jakl Daniel Zahradník Jan Vítámvás Jaroslava Št́astná Jana Jaklová Dytrtová 《Environmental management》2014,54(6):1421-1433
The article summarizes outcomes of a biomass study conducted in a young speckled alder plantation on a cold mountain site. At this location, the previously existing old forest was clear felled because of damage from air pollution, and present-day surface humus is in need of restoration. The intention of this study was to quantify the biomass and nutrients accumulated by alders and their components and assess whether the initial fertilization resulted in increased biomass production and nutrient accumulation in the biomass. Besides the control, two fertilized treatments were installed. In the surface treatment (SUT), the amendment was applied as a base dressing in small circles around trees. In the planting-hole treatment (PHT), the amendment was incorporated into soil inside the planting holes. Five growth seasons after planting and fertilization, six alders from each treatment were harvested including roots. Their biomass was quantified and analyzed for macroelements. The greatest pool of dry mass (DM) was branches in the control and stem wood in the fertilized treatments. The greatest pools of macroelements were leaves and branches. The most pronounced effects of fertilization were recorded in the DM and consequently in the absolute quantities of nutrients. The DM of an average tree in the control, SUT, and PHT was 85, 226, and 231 g, respectively. The absolute contents of nutrients per tree in the fertilized treatments showed the following increases, as compared with the control: (N) 2.5–2.6 times; (P) 1.6–2.4 times; (K) 1.8–2.1 times; and (Mg) 1.8–2.0 times, respectively. Speckled alder responded positively to fertilization. 相似文献
158.
J. Slootweg J.-P. Hettelingh M. Posch G. Schütze T. Spranger W. de Vries G. J. Reinds M. van ’t Zelfde S. Dutchak I. Ilyin 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):371-377
Critical loads of cadmium, lead and mercury were computed by 18 countries of the LRTAP Convention. These national data were
collated into a single database for the purpose of identifying sensitive areas in Europe. Computing exceedances, i.e. comparing
the critical loads to atmospheric deposition, shows that cadmium was not a widespread risk in 2000, that the risk from lead
deposition has decreased since 1990 but was still widespread in 2000, and that the risk from mercury remains high without
much change from 1990 to 2000 in most of the countries. 相似文献
159.
Numerous studies have shown that riparian wetlands can play an important role in reducing nitrate concentrations before the ground water discharges into streams. Denitrification has been identified as an important process for this removal. Several approaches have been proposed to predict the denitrifying removal capacity of a riparian wetland, but no widely used tool exists to precisely quantify this capacity at the landscape scale. We propose such a methodology based on modeling the spatial variation of soil-water interactions in the entire riparian wetland. Mean values of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) within three soil-denitrifying classes were 604, 212, and 24 ng N g(-1) h(-1) for Classes 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The study area, having a ground surface of about 15000 m2, was underlain by an aquifer with a calculated volume of 60000 m3, less than 10000 m3 of which corresponded to active denitrifying horizons (Classes 2 and 3). By volume, approximately 30% of Class 3 and 70% of Class 2 were interacting with ground water. The denitrifying removal capacity of our wetland was calculated to be about 1.8 kg N m(-2) yr(-1). The calculated denitrifying capacity of our site was less than expected. This is due to the fact that not all ground water interacts with the horizons having the highest denitrifying capacity. Thus, we show that whatever the system is, specific local pedological and hydrogeological conditions and their interactions are paramount in controlling the denitrification process. 相似文献
160.