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31.
We develop indicators showing the relative environmental burdens that human activities place on locales for a given level of economic benefits. The main purpose is to develop tools that allow us to examine the potential vulnerabilities within economies to changes in resource conditions. The indicators of pollution emission or resource consumption per job can be used to identify potential challenges to resource and industry managers and to compare areas in terms of their ability to adapt to change. For example, if a large number of area jobs are dependent on abundant water, this indicates a vulnerability to a reduction in water availability for industrial use. We develop a case study for 23 counties and 1 city in Maryland to examine the usefulness and limitations of the indicators. Our case study demonstrates that the indicators provide an informative view into patterns of local economic activity and use of an area’s environmental goods and services. In contrast to patterns for total environmental burdens (e.g., total SO2 emissions) that are typically reported, the rates of environmental burden per job are not simply correlated with high or low economic output. Thus, the indicators represent distinct patterns of environmental burdens per job that reflect reliance on environmental services. The indicators have some limitations when used at this fine scale because they can misrepresent conditions in counties in which economic sectors are dominated by one or a few businesses. For this reason, the indicators are best used as a regional screening tool. 相似文献
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33.
Viorel?BlujdeaEmail author David?Neil?Bird Gerald?Kapp Martin?Burian Ilie?Silvestru?Nuta Liviu?Ciuvat 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(4):463-476
Initiatives for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation require transparent and
robust methodologies for the estimation of emissions reduction or removal. Although carbon (C) stock change in degradation
and devegetation by remote sensing are becoming increasingly powerful, the drivers of degradation, wood collection and harvest
dynamics, cannot be understood without “on the ground” sampling. A methodological tool for the quantitative and qualitative
analysis of forest degradation is proposed as developed based on a research on the stump history in the black locust degrading
stands sampled in southwest Romania. Based on the survey of stumps, the cutting regime and wood extraction is determined over
a past period of some 15 years. Stump age classification comprises multiple qualitative criteria (i.e. bark features; adherence
of sprouts; cut edge features; etc.). The method allows for a quantitative assessment of wood removal over time, and is suitable
for the development of a dynamic baseline and monitoring of degradation avoidance activities. 相似文献
34.
Consistency and comparability of estimation and accounting of removal by sinks in afforestation/reforestation activities 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Viorel Blujdea David Neil Bird Carmenza Robledo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(1):1-18
The Kyoto Protocol accounting system and its market mechanisms, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation
(JI), are built on the key principle that emission and emission reduction units generated by afforestation/reforestation activities
under national systems and projects are fully comparable, no matter their origin. Lack of consistency in the quality of emission
and emission reduction units can undermine the environmental integrity of the climate stabilization actions. Therefore, it
is the ambition that units generated in the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector are of similar quality
with those from non-LULUCF sectors. In this paper, the authors pose the question of whether there is full estimation and accounting
consistency between Annex I Party’s national GHG systems and CDM projects methodologies in the LULUCF sector, in terms accuracy,
completeness, levels of uncertainty and permanence risk. We focus on methodological aspects related to the applicability and
practicability of using approved afforestation/reforestation CDM methodologies; estimation, reporting and accounting rules;
the small pools and sources issue, uncertainty of removal estimate; leakage and handling of non-permanence risk. We conclude
that there is significant scope for improving the consistency of greenhouse gas emission accounting from land use activities
in the post-2012 climate change agreement, between Annex I domestic and project activities. As well, we conclude that the
preparation and implementation of project activities has to be made simpler by a project framework guideline, which is then
adapted to any project circumstances. 相似文献
35.
ABSTRACTThe electricity grid is susceptible to numerous threats, especially severe weather events that have the potential to cause large-scale power outages. This has resulted in an increased emphasis on resilience against these events. Microgrids, small standalone power grids that have the ability to function independently from the greater electricity grid, have significant potential to improve response to environmental and anthropogenic crises. The vast majority of extant microgrids are generally small in scale, and operated under a conventional model of single operator, owner, and user. We argue that the ultimate potential of this approach will be in the development of multi-stakeholder microgrids which can combine a diversity of renewable and conventional power resources to respond to environmental hazards. The addition of stakeholders allows for increased diversification of generation sources, economies of scale, and other increased operational benefits and opportunities. However, there are significant challenges that arise with the additional layer of stakeholders in terms of governance, cost, and technical operations that can cause the multi-stakeholder model to be more difficult to implement. We develop the case for multi-stakeholder microgrids as a response to environmental hazards, and outline the challenges and questions facing the development of this form of microgrid. 相似文献
36.
Bethune Carmichael Greg Wilson Ivan Namarnyilk Sean Nadji Jacqueline Cahill Deanne Bird 《Local Environment》2017,22(10):1197-1216
Since the early 1990s archaeologists have suggested archaeological and cultural heritage sites (cultural sites) will face major challenges from anthropogenic climate change. While techniques to manage such impacts are emerging, no planning tools exist for bottom-up, community-based management of the issue. This paper forms part of an overarching research project that aims to fill this gap by developing a bottom-up planning guide (the Guide). The paper tests the first of the proposed Guide’s five phases: the scoping phase. It presents the results of workshops conducted with two Australian Indigenous rangers groups. While existing studies document Indigenous peoples’ perceptions of climate change in general, none have focussed on their perceptions of impacts on cultural heritage sites. Here, Indigenous rangers related strong perceptions of particular climate change impacts on specific cultural sites in particular bio-regions. While the rangers were actively engaged with sites, they felt site management should be extended in the face of additional threats from climate change. Rangers were able to nominate a preferred methodological approach, based on a risk analysis of biophysical hazards, as well as local adaptive capacity building in the face of governance challenges. Various barriers to adaptation planning and resource limitations were identified but these were not regarded as insurmountable in terms of the current project. Testing of the scoping phase of the Guide suggested rangers had a strong organisational capacity to achieve practical adaptation results. 相似文献
37.
Bird DJ Rotchell JM Hesp SA Newton LC Hall NG Potter IC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(3):641-651
We explored how hepatic [metal]s in Anguilla anguilla at a contaminated estuarine site are influenced by body size, age and season, and the extent that [Cu], [Cd] and [Zn]s are reflected in [metallothionein (MT)]s. Although each [metal] and [MT] increased significantly with length, weight and age, those biotic variables explained <10% of the variation in each [metal] and only 11-16% for [MT]. Seasonal changes in [Cu] and [Cd] were paralleled by [MT]. The variation in [MT] explained by Cu (42%) was greater than by Zn (16%) and Cd (13%), and seasonally lay between 43 and 69% for those metals collectively. Thus, hepatic [MT] in eels is closely correlated with hepatic [heavy metal]s. However, the great variability among [MT]s for eels of similar sizes and ages, which reflects marked variability in hepatic [heavy metal]s, means that this variable reflects imprecisely the contamination level at a particular site. 相似文献
38.
McDonough Andrew M. Bird Adam W. Luciani Michael A. Todd Aaron K. 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2022,194(3):1-15
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment - Streams and rivers cover a larger proportion of the Earth’s surface but are highly affected by human pressures. Conversely, bioassessment methods are... 相似文献
39.
Provenancing anthropogenic Pb within the fluvial environment: developments and challenges in the use of Pb isotopes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bird G 《Environment international》2011,37(4):802-819
The potentially deleterious presence of ore-derived Pb within riverine environments has been a long-term impact of industrial and anthropogenic activity in general. The surface drainage network has been widely established as a key transport mechanism and storage environment for anthropogenically-derived Pb and other potentially harmful trace metals. Lead isotopes ((204)Pb, (206)Pb, (207)Pb, (208)Pb) have been utilized as a geochemical tracer of Pb origin in a variety of environmental media, notably in atmospheric aerosols. However, given the relative complexity of dispersal processes within riverine environments, the use of Pb isotopes as geochemical tracers has been relatively limited and it is only relatively recently that a growing body of research has applied Pb isotopes to provenancing fluvially-dispersed Pb. This paper seeks to synthesize the developments in the use of Pb isotopes within riverine environments. In doing so it outlines the Pb-isotope fingerprinting technique and associated analytical developments, and assesses the application of Pb isotopes in establishing the origin and dispersal mechanisms of anthropogenically- and geogenically-derived Pb at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Of particular importance are the approaches quantifying source inputs using Pb isotopic signatures and the challenges faced, and options available in quantifying source inputs at the catchment scale; where Pb may be sourced from a variety (n=>2) of sources. The Pb isotopic signature of contemporary riverine Pb loads is shown to reflect a spatially complex influence of mineralization chemistry, anthropogenic activity as well as the hydro-morphological controls exerted upon Pb release, dispersal and storage. In relation to this, the long-term environmental legacy, and its influence upon Pb fingerprinting studies, of tetra-ethyl Pb, sourced from the combustion of leaded-petrol is also discussed. Finally, this paper places the use of Pb isotopes in the context of recently developed Cu and Zn isotopic fingerprinting techniques and assesses the role of Pb, Cu and Zn isotopes in a multi-proxy approach to geochemical tracing. 相似文献
40.
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high production volume brominated flame retardant that has been detected in the environment and wildlife at increasing concentrations. This study was designed to determine potential effects of dietary exposure to environmentally relevant levels of HBCD on behavior during reproduction in captive American kestrels. Twenty kestrel pairs were exposed to 0.51 μg technical HBCD g−1 kestrel d−1 from 4 weeks prior to pairing until chicks hatched (∼75 d). Ten pairs of controls received the safflower oil vehicle only and were used for comparison. During the courtship period the chitter-calls were reduced in both sexes (p = 0.038) and females performed fewer bonding displays (p = 0.053). Both sexes showed a propensity to be less active than controls during courtship. The reduction in male courtship behavior was correlated with reduced courtship behaviors of females (p ? 0.008) as well as reduced egg mass (p = 0.019). During incubation, nest temperatures of treatment pairs were lower at mid-incubation (p = 0.038). HBCD-exposed males performed fewer key parental behaviors when rearing nestlings, including entering the nest-box, pair-bonding displays and food-retrievals. HBCD-exposed females appeared to compensate for the reduced parental behavior of their mates by performing these same behaviors more frequently than controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.027, p = 0.025, respectively). This study demonstrates that HBCD affects breeding behavior in American kestrels throughout the reproductive season and behavioral alterations were linked to reproductive changes (egg size). This is the first study to report HBCD effects on reproductive behavior in any animal model. 相似文献