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Dearing JA Bullock S Costanza R Dawson TP Edwards ME Poppy GM Smith GM 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):767-775
The ‘Perfect Storm’ metaphor describes a combination of events that causes a surprising or dramatic impact. It lends an evolutionary
perspective to how social-ecological interactions change. Thus, we argue that an improved understanding of how social-ecological
systems have evolved up to the present is necessary for the modelling, understanding and anticipation of current and future
social-ecological systems. Here we consider the implications of an evolutionary perspective for designing research approaches.
One desirable approach is the creation of multi-decadal records produced by integrating palaeoenvironmental, instrument and
documentary sources at multiple spatial scales. We also consider the potential for improved analytical and modelling approaches
by developing system dynamical, cellular and agent-based models, observing complex behaviour in social-ecological systems
against which to test systems dynamical theory, and drawing better lessons from history. Alongside these is the need to find
more appropriate ways to communicate complex systems, risk and uncertainty to the public and to policy-makers. 相似文献
64.
Guy Beauchamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2001,51(1):47-52
Levels of anti-predator vigilance often decrease with group size in birds and mammals. Vigilance may also serve other purposes such as scrounging. While scrounging, individual adopt the vigilant posture to locate and eventually exploit the food discoveries of their companions. Models that combine anti-predator alertness and scrounging were developed to examine how changes in scrounger use with group size could alter the shape of the function relating vigilance to group size and whether the additional investment in vigilance while searching could be used to reduce the allocation of time to vigilance while in the food patch. Results indicate that increased allocation of time to scrounging during search can add to the overall level of vigilance and even counteract the expected decrease in vigilance with group size. However, the addition of scrounging was found to have little impact on vigilance while in the food patch. Behavioral effects that are dependent on group size, such as scrounging, may lead to changes in the shape of the vigilance function and may mitigate against any gain garnered from a reduction in individual levels of vigilance in larger groups. 相似文献
65.
Van Hoecke K De Schamphelaere KA Ramirez-Garcia S Van der Meeren P Smagghe G Janssen CR 《Environment international》2011,37(6):1118-1125
Silica nanoparticles (NPs) belong to the industrially most important NP types. In a previous study it was shown that amorphous SiO(2) NPs of 12.5 and 27.0 nm are stable in algal growth inhibition assays and that their ecotoxic effects are related to NP surface area. Here, it was hypothesized and demonstrated that an alumina coating completely alters the particle-particle, particle-test medium and particle-algae interactions of SiO(2) NPs. Therefore, stability and surface characteristics, dissolution, nutrient adsorption and effects on algal growth rate of both alumina coated SiO(2) NPs and bare SiO(2) NPs in OECD algal test medium as a function of pH (6.0-8.6) and natural organic matter (NOM) contents (0-12 mg C/l) were investigated. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs aggregated in all media and adsorbed phosphate depending on pH and NOM concentration. On the other hand, no aggregation or nutrient adsorption was observed for the bare SiO(2) NPs. Due to their positive surface charge, alumina coated SiO(2) NPs agglomerated with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Consequently, algal cell density measurements based on cell counts were unreliable and hence fluorescent detection of extracted chlorophyll was the preferred method. Alumina coated SiO(2) NPs showed lower toxicity than bare SiO(2) NPs at concentrations ≥46 mg/l, except at pH 6.0. At low concentrations, no clear pH effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs, while at higher concentrations phosphate deficiency could have contributed to the higher toxicity of those particles at pH 6.0-6.8 compared to higher pH values. Bare SiO(2) NPs were not toxic at pH 6.0 up to 220 mg/l. Addition of NOM decreased toxicity of both particles. For SiO(2) NPs the 48 h 20% effect concentration of 21.8 mg/l increased 2.6-21 fold and a linear relationship was observed between NOM concentration and effective concentrations. No effect was observed for alumina coated SiO(2) NPs in presence of NOM up to 1000 mg/l. All experiments point out that the alumina coating completely altered NP interactions. Due to the difference in surface composition the SiO(2) NPs, which had the smallest surface area, were more toxic to the alga than the alumina coated SiO(2) NPs. Hence, surface modification can dominate the effect of surface area on toxicity. 相似文献
66.
Remon E Bouchardon JL Cornier B Guy B Leclerc JC Faure O 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,137(2):316-323
Pedological and botanical characteristics of a former metallurgical landfill were examined to assess the risks of heavy metals mobility and to evaluate remediation feasibility. In addition to very high heavy metals levels (Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), the soil was characterized by a lack of clear horizonation, a relatively high pH, a high mineral and organic carbon contents, a low nitrogen level and a high C/N ratio. A two step sequential extraction showed that heavy metals were poorly labile (i.e. not soluble in diluted CaCl2), indicating that their leaching under natural conditions was probably very low. However, extraction with DTPA generated significant amounts of metals (mainly Pb and Cu), suggesting they were potentially mobilizable. A botanical survey of the area showed a biodiverse plant community (28 species and 11 families), with no obvious toxicity symptoms. Measurements of metal contents in dominant species confirmed that they were closely similar to those reported for species growing in unpolluted environments. Consequently, for an effective site restoration, indigenous species could be well suited to cope with local conditions in a phytostabilization strategy. 相似文献
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The perceptual range of an animal towards different landscape elements affects its movements through heterogeneous landscapes. However, empirical knowledge and modeling tools are lacking to assess the consequences of variation in the perceptual range for movement patterns and connectivity. In this study we tested how changes in the assumed perception of different landscape elements affect the outcomes of a connectivity model. We used an existing individual-based, spatially explicit model for the dispersal of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We systematically altered the perceptual range in which animals recognize forest fragments, water bodies or cities, as well as the probability that they respond to these landscape elements. Overall, increasing the perceptual range of the animals enhanced connectivity substantially, both qualitatively and quantitatively. An enhanced range of attraction to forests had the strongest impact, doubling immigration success; an enhanced range of attraction to rivers had a slightly lower impact; and an enhanced range of avoidance of cities had the lowest impact. Correcting the enhancement in connectivity by the abundance of each of the landscape elements in question reversed the results, indicating the potential sensitivity of connectivity models to rare landscape elements (in our case barriers such as cities). Qualitatively, the enhanced perception resulted in strong changes in movement patterns and connectivity. Furthermore, model results were highly parameter-specific and patch-specific. These results emphasize the need for further empirical research on the perceptual capabilities of different animals in different landscapes and conditions. They further indicate the usefulness of spatially explicit individual-based simulation models for recognizing consistent patterns that emerge, despite uncertainty regarding animals’ movement behavior. Altogether, this study demonstrates the need to extend the concept of ‘perceptual ranges’ beyond patch detection processes, to encompass the wide range of elements that can direct animal movements during dispersal through heterogeneous landscapes. 相似文献
70.
A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nature based recreation such as wildlife viewing, hiking, running, cycling, canoeing, horse riding and dog walking can have negative environmental effects. A review of the recreation ecology literature published in English language academic journals identified 69 papers from 1978 to 2010 that examined the effect of these activities on birds. Sixty-one of the papers (88%) found negative impacts, including changes in bird physiology (all 11 papers), immediate behaviour (37 out of 41 papers), as well as changes in abundance (28 out of 33 papers) and reproductive success (28 out of 33 papers). Previous studies are concentrated in a few countries (United States, England, Argentina and New Zealand), mostly in cool temperate or temperate climatic zones, often in shoreline or wetland habitats, and mostly on insectivore, carnivore and crustaceovore/molluscivore foraging guilds. There is limited research in some regions with both high bird diversity and nature based recreation such as mainland Australia, Central America, Asia, and Africa, and for popular activities such as mountain bike riding and horse riding. It is clear, however, that non-motorised nature based recreation has negative impacts on a diversity of birds from a range of habitats in different climatic zones and regions of the world. 相似文献