垂直流人工湿地系统基质优化级配研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石、钢渣和蛭石为基质,按不同的级配方式填充成基质柱,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水实验.研究表明,粒径分层级配基质对COD的去除率均高于单一粒径基质,其中分层生物陶粒对COD的平均去除率高达72.91%.分层沸石对总氮的净化能力较单一粒径基质有所提高,平均去除率高达91.23%.填充了生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤的模拟柱对有机物和氮的净化效果和单一基质没有显著性差异(p0.05).填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱出水pH值均在正常范围内,但是除从上到下依次填充无烟煤、蛭石和钢渣的基质柱外,其它填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱对磷素的净化能力都低于单一基质.种植植物对净化效果没有明显影响.在垂直流人工湿地中,针对水质特点选择高效的级配基质,如分层生物陶粒、分层沸石、分层无烟煤以及生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤组合,在高水力负荷条件下可获得更好的处理效果.     

偏最小二乘回归方法在土地利用结构研究中的应用

针对当前LUCC研究中存在的数据间多重相关性和样本量不足的问题,论文将一种新型的多元统计数据分析方法---偏最小二乘回归引入到研究中。该方法可以有效地克服上述缺陷,并能实现多种数据分析方法的综合应用。为检验方法的功能及实用性,论文以苏锡常地区为例,对区域的土地利用结构及其影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明,偏最小二乘回归是进行土地利用结构研究的一种十分有效的工具,在地学领域有广阔的应用前景。     

农药对农田蜘蛛生态效应的研究进展

农药对农田蜘蛛的生态效应是进行农田害虫综合防治的生态学基础.本文综述了农田蜘蛛接触和吸收农药的主要途径、农药对蜘蛛的生态效应、蜘蛛对农药的抗性以及农药对蜘蛛的致死效应等研究现状.关于农药对农田蜘蛛亚致死效应的研究,特别是分子、生化、生理、行为等方面的异常,国内外报道不多,因此这方面的研究工作有待于进一步加强.参47     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

广州大学城大气PM2.5量浓度与影响因素

选择广州大学城代表性学生宿舍、教室、食堂等多个室内采样点及几个室外采样点,准确测定各采样点大气中PM25的质量浓度,分析各室内和室外采样点大气中PM25污染程度及分布特征;根据同步记录的气象数据,分析评价气象因子对大气PM25质量浓度的影响.     

天津地区鱼塘水、悬浮物、沉积物和鱼体中的DDT

采样测定了天津地区2典型鱼塘鲫鱼、鲢鱼、水、悬浮物、沉积物和鱼塘周边表土中的DDT及其代谢产物含量。结果发现,2鱼塘各主要介质以及鱼体肌肉和器官中都富集了较高浓度的DDT。鲫鱼和鲢鱼肌肉中DDT的含量分别为(66.4±2.7)ng·g-1和(24.3±23.4)ng·g-1。肝胰脏、肠和鱼鳃中DDT含量一般高于肌肉,其中肠的富集量最大,是肌肉的3倍以上。生物富集系数(lgBCF)分别为3.7和3.3。2鱼塘鱼体和各相含量有较大差别,鱼塘介质中悬浮物富集浓度最高。表土污染相对严重地区的鱼塘中各介质和鱼体DDT含量均高于另一污染较轻的鱼塘。污染严重鱼塘的DDE/ΣDDT含量比值也相对较高,反映早期污染残留的重要特征。尽管如此,仍然较高的DDT含量以及悬浮物中很低的DDE/ΣDDT含量比值说明很可能还有污染源存在。     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.     

产业精准扶贫作用机制研究

在精准扶贫的国家战略下,产业扶贫被赋予了新的内涵,承担起贫困户的"造血"功能,成为精准扶贫的核心,本文将其概括为"产业精准扶贫"。与已有研究不同,文章以产业精准扶贫与传统产业扶贫的区别以及产业精准扶贫怎样发挥作用这一科学问题为研究对象,综合运用了实地观察法、问卷调查法和深度访谈法,从微观尺度研究产业精准扶贫的作用机制。研究表明:(1)与传统产业扶贫停留在村一级或者大户层面不同,产业精准扶贫将产业透过村庄到农户,而且与贫困户的土地、资本和劳动力等生产要素有机地结合起来。(2)产业精准扶贫作用机制是通过利益相关方共同对土地、资本和劳动力等生产要素进行匹配的过程。产业精准扶贫突显了贫困户的主体性作用,着重强调贫困户自身拥有的土地、劳动力要素的参与,真正建构了多主体、多要素参与的长效机制。(3)产业精准扶贫是一个共同参与的过程。农户或是入股、务工或是自己发展产业,积极参与到农业生产中,通过政府引导、企业管理、村两委参与,促进贫困户参与在生产过程中,就产业过程中的事项达成共识,促进了贫困户的公民精神培育、实用技术掌握和思想观念转变。(4)产业精准扶贫是实现贫困人口增收发展的有效路径,但仍需注意风险防患。扶贫信息发布、帮扶单位责任人等扶贫利益相关者的组织和传播,为企业和社会资本进入贫困村奠定基础,但是,也相应地增加了产品销售问题和产业自然灾害的风险,产业贴补和金融扶持政策的稳定性也会影响产业精准扶贫的运行和成效。因此,要相应地加强对扶贫产业风险的预警,规避和降低产业扶贫风险。     

湘江干流水环境质量演变特征及其关键因素定量识别

为科学有效地保护湘江流域水环境,定量识别湘江干流主要水质指标的驱动因素,该研究基于1990~2016年水质监测数据及沿岸永州 长沙五市社会经济发展指标,采用Mann-Kendall检验法分析湘江干流水环境演变趋势,通过逐步回归分析确定各地区各水质指标主要驱动因素。结果表明：湘江干流COD_Mn、Cd、As整体呈下降趋势,上游BOD₅呈下降趋势,上中游NH₃-N呈上升趋势,中游衡阳、株洲市重金属Cr⁶⁺呈上升趋势,衡阳市TP呈上升趋势,中下游BOD₅呈上升趋势;定量追溯各水质指标影响因素得出工业污染是湘江干流重金属As、Cr⁶⁺、Cd主要驱动因素,永衡株潭地区NH₃-N,衡阳市BOD₅、COD_Mn、TP及衡株潭地区BOD₅均以农业污染影响为主;发现产业结构调整对干流水环境有显著影响,建议在流域产业结构调整过程中加强转型升级。