汽油无铅化与环境空气中铅污染的变化趋势

文章简要分析了 1 998年天津市环境空气及交通环境空气中铅污染的程度。机动车尾气排放是环境空气及交通环境空气中铅污染的重要来源 ,1 998年机动车推广使用无铅汽油后天津市铅污染状况明显减轻。     

Ceramic membrane fouling mechanisms and control for water treatment

● The fouling is summarized based on ceramic membrane performance and pollutants. ● The current research methods and theoretical models are summarized. ● The membrane fouling control methods and collaborative technology are reviewed. Membrane separation, as an important drinking water treatment technology, has wide applications. The remarkable advantages of ceramic membranes, such as chemical stability, thermal stability, and high mechanical strength, endow them with broader prospects for development. Despite the importance and advantages of membrane separation in water treatment, the technique has a limitation: membrane fouling, which greatly lowers its effectiveness. This is caused by organics, inorganic substances, and microorganisms clogging the pore and polluting the membrane surface. The increase in membrane pollution greatly lowers purification effectiveness. Controlling membrane fouling is critical in ensuring the efficient and stable operation of ceramic membranes for water treatment. This review analyzes four mechanisms of ceramic membrane fouling, namely complete blocking, standard blocking, intermediate blocking, and cake filtration blocking. It evaluates the mechanisms underlying ceramic membrane fouling and summarizes the progress in approaches aimed at controlling it. These include ceramic membrane pretreatment, ceramic membrane surface modification, membrane cleaning, magnetization, ultrasonics, and nanobubbles. This review highlights the importance of optimizing ceramic membrane preparation through further research on membrane fouling and pre-membrane pretreatment mechanisms. In addition, combining process regulations with ceramic membranes as the core is an important research direction for ceramic membrane-based water treatment.     

用累托石吸附处理含铁(Ⅲ)废水

用累托石作吸附剂处理有色金属厂冶炼过程中产生的含Fe(Ⅲ)废水。在废水pH为7．5～8．5、反应时间为30min、累托石投加量为12g／L的条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度可由5mg／t．降到0．08mg／L,Fe(Ⅲ)的去除率最高为98．4％,外排废水符合GB8978--1996一级标准。对Fe(Ⅲ)进行等温吸附实验,其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir模型,其吸附机理主要是吸附作用和沉淀作用。     

用废旧电路板热解油制备酚醛树脂

在碳酸钙存在下,采用热解技术将废旧电路板中的树脂转化为富含酚的热解油,然后直接加入甲醛溶液反应制备热解油型酚醛树脂,实现了废旧电路板中树脂的再生,酚醛树脂的性能结构类似于氨催化的酚醛树脂。实验结果表明：在n（甲醛）：n（热解油）为1．8～2．1的条件下,无需外加催化剂,在60,80,90℃下分别反应30min制备的热解油型酚醛树脂的性能最佳,且可满足GB／T14732—93《木材工业胶黏剂用脲醛、酚醛、三氧氰胺甲醛树脂》中层压材料用酚醛树脂产品的相关标准。     

江苏数字地震台网与模拟台网的震级对比

对江苏省数字地震台网观测系统与模拟台网观测系统在震级测定方面的一致性进行了探讨。定量分析了数字台网的“速度型震级”、“仿真位移型震级”与模拟台网位移震级的差异。初步结果表明 ,在测量误差允许范围内 ,数字网的“仿真位移型震级”可以替代模拟网的位移震级 ,震级测定的连续性要求基本可以保证。     

内蒙古自治区环境科学研究所体制改革的探讨

本文是作者通过学习有关条件，联系内蒙环境科学研究所的实际而提出的一些想法，目的是清理改革思路，把握改革时机及要点，由于本人认识有限，观点难免粗浅，仅供同仁参考。     

嘉兴南湖整治后水质对微生物种群生态分布的影响

2002年4月至2003年4月,在南湖水面设了6个采样点,对湖中微生物的分布进行调查,年平均值为：异养细菌2752个／mL、纤维素分解菌326个／mL、氨氧化菌393个／mL、亚硝酸氧化菌305个／mL、硝酸盐还原菌1507个／mL、脱氮菌55个／mL、有机磷分解菌36．5个／mL、大肠杆菌平均≥5000个／L,有机磷分解菌的分布和湖中总磷含量存在正相关性;全年细菌量以11月份最高,8,9份最低。从各样点分离出108个菌株对其进行鉴定,结果有12个属,假单胞菌属是南湖水中的优势菌,占细菌总数的34．2％。水中总磷、氨氮、挥发性酚含量虽然低于综合整治前,但仍然偏高。南湖为富营养化的湖泊。     

以粉煤灰和电石渣为催化剂的聚丙烯裂解模型研究

对粉煤灰和电石渣为催化剂的聚丙烯裂解进行模型研究.通过模型计算了裂解反应的表观活化能、频率因子、反应级数等.模型计算表明随着反应温度的升高反应速率增加,达到相同转化率所需反应时间减少.当剂塑比从0增加到30%时,聚丙烯裂解的活化能呈现降低的趋势,特别当剂塑比为30%时,其活化能降低约50%.说明粉煤灰和电石渣对聚丙烯裂解具有一定的催化效果.     

Arsenic species and leachability in the fronds of the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.)

Arsenic speciation is important not only for understanding the mechanisms of arsenic accumulation and detoxification by hyperaccumulators, but also for designing disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass. The primary objective of this research was to understand the speciation and leachability of arsenic in the fronds of Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.), an arsenic hyperaccumulator, with an emphasis on the implications for arsenic-rich biomass disposal. Chinese brake was grown for 18 weeks in a soil spiked with 50 mg As kg(-1) as arsenate (AsO4(3-)), arsenite (AsO3(3-)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), or methylarsonic acid (MMA). Plant samples were extracted with methanol/water (1:1) and arsenic speciation was performed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The impacts of air-drying on arsenic species and leachability in the fronds were examined in the laboratory. After 18 weeks, water-soluble arsenic in soil was mainly present as arsenate with little detectable organic species or arsenite regardless of arsenic species added to the soil. However, arsenic in the fronds was primarily present as inorganic arsenite with an average of 94%. Arsenite re-oxidation occurred in the old fronds and the excised dried tissues. Arsenic species in the fronds were slightly influenced by arsenic forms added to the soil. Air-drying of the fronds resulted in leaching of substantial amounts of arsenic. These findings can be of significance when looking at disposal options of arsenic-rich biomass from the point of view of secondary contamination.     

Occurrence,fate, and transport of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in an alkaline rhizosphere soil-plant (Maize,Zea mays L.) system: the role of Bacillus subtilis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Utilization of microbes is one of the most promising methods to remediate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) from soil. In this study, a systematic...