Levels and distribution of trace metals in surface sediments from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic

Trace metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) have been measured in 27 surface sediment samples collected from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. The analyses yielded concentration values (in mg kg^?1) of 0.13–0.63 for Cd, 11.89–21.90 for Co, 48.65–81.84 for Cr, 21.26–36.60 for Cu, 299.59–683.48 for Mn, 22.43–35.39 for Ni, 10.68–36.59 for Pb, 50.28–199.07 for Zn and 8.09–65.34 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. Relative cumulative frequency method has been used to define the baseline values of these metals, which (in mg kg^?1) were 0.14 for Cd, 13.56 for Co, 57.86 for Cr, 25.14 for Cu, 364.08 for Mn, 26.22 for Ni, 17.46 for Pb, 70.49 for Zn and 9.76 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. The enrichment factor analysis indicated that Hg showed some extent of anthropogenic pollution, while Pb, Zn and Cd showed limited anthropogenic contamination in the study areas.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对土壤跳虫的生态毒性

将两种跳虫(Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria)暴露在全氟辛烷磺酸盐(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)污染的人工土壤中,利用跳虫存活数量、繁殖数量与回避行为来评价PFOS对跳虫的生态毒性。结果表明,PFOS对F.candida和F.fimetaria急性毒性的LC50(7d)分别为4777和2219mg·kg-1,慢性毒性的EC50(28d)分别为0.13和0.05mg·kg-1。此外,PFOS对两种跳虫回避行为影响的EC50(48h)分别为0.51mg·kg-1(F.candida)和0.31mg·kg-1(F.fimetaria)。分析比较发现,PFOS对跳虫急性死亡率影响很小,但对跳虫的回避行为和繁殖率有显著影响,可用来表征土壤中PFOS的生态毒性,且选用有性生殖的F.fimetaria及其慢性毒性实验来评价土壤中PFOS的毒性相对最灵敏。     

藻类膜对富营养化湖泊水处理效果实验

利用藻类膜处理富营养化水体是一种新的研究方法。在连续光照强度约3 500 lx条件下,研究了藻类膜处理武汉富营养化湖水的处理效果。实验结果表明:藻类膜处理富营养化湖水的氮磷效果明显,6 d内,南湖TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率分别为96.96%、93.21%和92.84%,紫阳湖的TP、TN、NH3-N的去除率分别为96.43%、78.11%和97.63%,汤逊湖的TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率分别为81.32%、76.38%和84.64%。     

紫外光催化氧化在污水处理厂除臭工程中的应用

通过采用合适的构筑物加盖形式,设计合理的换气次数,采用自行研制的紫外光催化氧化设备处理广东某污水处理厂产生的恶臭气体,运行结果表明:该设备具有除臭效率高、操作简单、阻力小及不产生二次污染的优良性能;该工艺对产生恶臭的物质均能达标排放,且占地少,投资省,适合用于城镇污水处理厂除臭工程,具有良好的经济效益和广阔的发展前景。     

人类生存的基石--土地

中国有960万平方公里的土地,曾使一代代炎黄子孙产生过地大物博的豪情。而今天,国土却在自我蚕食中萎缩、退化、撂荒,不良使用、沙漠化、贫瘠化而呻吟。“神舟”五号宇宙飞船上发回的地球照片昭示国人：我国北边的俄罗斯是绿色的,南边的东南亚是绿色的,而中国则是枯黄一片。中国农田的废弃速度居世界首位,早在1987年,联合国粮农组织发布过中国的土地资料,称中国可耕地面积减少2.4亿亩,相当于丢掉了一个法国或者三个半日本,实际营耕面积15亿亩,     

石油污染生物修复研究进展

石油污染多见于油田附近的土壤污染和海上油轮泄漏造成的海域污染,自1970s便出现了利用微生物降解石油污染物的生物修复研究,总结了1970s至今的相关文献发现石油污染生物修复技术受到越来越多的关注,其目前的主要研究方向包括:添加辅助营养物质或辅助乳化剂、石油污染降解过程的生物标记研究、菌株具体降解途径、工程示范研究.而由于石油污染成分复杂,不同微生物可利用的石油底物不同,降解途径也不同,因此传统的石油污染生物修复研究存在效率不高、难以维持等问题,而随着1990s以来分子生物学技术的迅速发展,其在石油污染生物修复中得到越来越多的应用,并有效地提高了修复效率.其应用主要包括以下两方面:(1)在掌握已有石油污染物生物降解途径和降解基因的基础上,研究针对石油污染不同底物的高效降解菌株,构建高效基因工程菌或功能互补的混合菌剂.譬如石油污染物的生物降解过程中,一系列的加氧酶/羟化酶起着最重要的作用,其中包括了单加氧酶和双加氧酶等.它们一般作用于降解的加羟基或后续的开环过程.而不同的脱氢酶、脱羧基酶、辅酶A连接酶等,则对底物加氧后的降解起着重要作用.因此本文重点分析整理了一系列典型石油污染物降解途径中的加氧酶及其参考菌株.(2)由于下游多态性分析方法的进步,越来越多的研究利用PCR对修复过程中群落的重要降解基因进行扩增,譬如对芳烃开环有重要作用的儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶(C120)、儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶(C23O)以及对长链烷烃降解起作用的alkB,alkM等基因,并进而应用rDNA扩增及限制性位点分析、梯度凝胶电泳、末端限制性片段长度多态性分析等方法监测研究石油污染的生物降解过程.本文总结了近年来石油污染修复中应用上述方法的研究,为今后的石油污染生物修复工作提供参考.     

稻草及稻草循环利用后的废弃物还田效益研究

本文针对中南丘陵水稻产区农田稻草经过稻草直接还田(鲜稻草)、稻草过腹还田(新鲜牛粪)、稻草栽培食用菌后还田(新鲜菌渣)、稻草产沼气后还田(新鲜沼渣)等几种主要的循环利用方式后的废弃物还田,结合化肥配施对水稻产量及土壤基本理化性状影响的研究,以期寻找一种既能达到有机废弃物的循环再利用,改善生态环境,又能够改良土壤理化性状并达到水稻丰产的目的.试验结果显示:相对于常规的化肥施用,几种有机废弃物还田加化肥配施均有利于土壤有机质(1.71%～6.98%),碱解氮(4.30%～15.05%),有效磷(11.22%～21.43%)等养分的提高;增加了土壤团聚体R0.25(干筛6.60%～8.74%,湿筛2.64%～45.06%)、平均质量直径(干筛26.91%～52.69%,湿筛4.55%～32.73%)及几何平均直径(干筛17.88%～35.56%,湿筛3.08%～6.15%);在产量方面,虽较常规施肥有所下降,但经济效益却是增加的,较常规施肥增收75.6元·hm2到1 057.0元·hm2,其中沼渣还田的增益率最高达8.59%.     

Feasibility of weeds-based compost-cultivated Agaricus bisporus北大核心CSCD

Making full use of local weed resources to produce Agaricus bisporus is of great importance in reducing production costs and protecting the environment. In this paper, three trial experiments were conducted on the basis of weed diversity investigation around the Miyun Reservoir and the adjustment of formulation and technology in the industrial production of A. bisporus. Compost samples from different phases of the composting process and at various cultivation stages were collected for the determination of their physical-chemical properties, lignocellulose content, lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, and bacterial communities enrichment by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The yield of mushrooms in each different trial was also calculated. The results showed several types of reservoir weeds with high, thick and hard stems. The saturated moisture of weeds was 76.78% after baling. The water content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of the samples decreased gradually during composting, but had little change during cultivation. The nitrogen content decreased at the end of phase I and increased at the end of phase II. During composting, the loss rates of hemicellulose and cellulose were both between 40% and 60%, and the loss rate of lignin was between 20% and 30%. During cultivation, instead, the loss rate of lignin was between 16% and 21%. The changes in the content of cellulose and hemicellulose of compost were consistent with that of the activity of the related degradation enzymes. A total of 432 595 valid sequences were obtained by Illumina sequencing for the samples derived from the three composting trials, and the average length of the sequences was 441 bp. Taxonomic analysis showed that the dominant bacteria were Prevotella (phylum Bacteroidetes), Bacillus (phylum Firmicutes), Thermus, Truepera, and Caldicoprobacter (phylum Deinococcus-Thermus), Thermopolyspora (phylum Actinobacteria), and Pseudoxanthomonas (phylum Proteobacteria). The yield of the three trials was in the range of 17.1-19.7 kg/m2. It is thus feasible to use reservoir weeds compost instead of wheat straw compost for the cultivation of A. bisporus. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

序言

正享誉海内外的著名鱼类学家和淡水生态学家、我国淡水生态学奠基人和鱼类实验生物学主要开创者、中国科学院水生生物研究所研究员(原所长和名誉所长)、中国科学院院士刘建康先生于2017年秋天离开了我们。为深切缅怀刘建康先生对我国鱼类学和淡水生态学的卓越贡献,同时呼吁加强水生生物多样性与流域生态系统的保护,我们应《生态毒理学报》编辑委员会的邀请一起策划组织了主题为"水生生物完整     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s^?1, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.