Correction to: Human behavior and Homo-mammal interactions at the first European peopling: new evidence from the Pirro Nord site (Apricena,Southern Italy)

The Science of Nature - Female-only colour polymorphism is rare in birds, but occurs in brood parasitic cuckoos (Cuculidae). Obligate brood parasites leave incubation and parental care to other...     

基于烟道喷射蒸发的脱硫废水处理数值模拟研究

针对脱硫废水在烟道内的喷射过程,通过计算流体动力学（CFD）进行数值模拟,研究了烟气性质与操作参数对废水蒸发过程的影响.结果表明：随着烟气温度的升高,液滴蒸发时间逐渐降低,完全蒸干距离缩短;当烟气流速增加,蒸发时间逐渐减小,但完全蒸干距离先减少后增加,流速为5m/s时,废水液滴的完全蒸干距离最近;随着液滴粒径的增加,液滴的完全蒸发时间明显变长,流场内相对低温区域范围扩大;当喷射速度由20m/s升高至60m/s过程中蒸发时间由约0.21s下降至0.16s,但随烟气流速增加,其减少蒸发时间的作用减弱.该模拟结果可以为废水烟道喷射技术的相关工程应用提供优化设计方案和运行指导.     

航海雷达溢油监测技术研究

航海雷达可以克服夜间或者恶劣天气,全天时探测海上溢油目标,在海上溢油监测领域中具有广阔的应用前景。以大连"7.16"事件中监测到的雷达溢油图像为数据基础,基于航海雷达溢油监测原理,提出了采用卷积、Otsu和均值滤波算法,进行雷达图像降噪处理;利用图像整体均值运算,确定溢油监测的有效范围;采用阈值二值化与面积判别的方法,锁定油膜位置。相对专家解译和C-V水平集方法,本文所述的方法能够自动识别油膜信息,且具有较高的运行效率。     

环糊精和表面活性剂对土壤中2-硝基联苯的解吸行为的影响

研究了3种羟丙基环糊精(HP-α-CD、HP-β-CD、HP-γ-CD)和2种非离子表面活性剂(Tween 80,Triton X-100)对土壤中2-硝基联苯的解吸行为的影响。通过比较摩尔增溶比率(MSR)的大小,确定了这5种添加剂对2-硝基联苯增溶能力由强到弱的顺序为:Tween 80,Triton X-100,HP-β-CD,HP-γ-CD,HP-α-CD。在5种添加剂中,HP-β-CD对促进土壤中2-硝基联苯的解吸最有效,且促进作用与其用量成正比。HP-α-CD对解吸过程没有明显的促进作用。Tween 80和Triton X-100由于易吸附于土壤中的特性,在低用量时对2-硝基联苯的解吸产生了负作用,只有用量足够大时才表现出明显的促进作用。     

β-环糊精对对硝基苯酚微生物降解的影响

通过对对硝基苯酚微生物降解过程的研究，探讨了在降解过程中加入环糊精对对硝基苯酚降解的影响。研究表明，对硝基苯酚不能单独被降解；葡萄糖能与对硝基苯酚产生共代谢作用；环糊精不能单独与对硝基苯酚产生共代谢作用。在葡萄糖存在的情况下，加入环糊精能影响对硝基苯酚的降解率，且影响的程度与对硝基苯酚的浓度和环糊精的浓度有关，在对硝基苯酚浓度较低时，加入环糊精会延缓对硝基苯酚的降解；当对硝基苯酚浓度较高时，加入环糊精会促进对硝基苯酚的降解。     

有机污染物生物降解途径的理论预测

本文报道了一个可用于有的生物降解途径理论预测的软件包，应用ＣＮ－ＤＯ／２方法计算分子的结构参数，经过解析结构参数给出有机污染理论上可能遵循的生物降解途径。     

乙醇/PODE/柴油燃料及喷油参数对柴油机燃烧和排放影响

在一台六缸四冲程高压共轨柴油机上开展了乙醇/聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）/柴油混合燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究.结果表明,在转速为1137 r·min^-1,转矩为735 N·m的工况条件下,随着掺混PODE和乙醇比例的增大,双峰放热越来越明显,扩散燃烧速率增大,有效燃油消耗率增大,有效热效率降低,但降低幅度小于1%,其中,DPE5（PODE体积分数为20%,乙醇体积分数为5%）的有效热效率与D100（纯柴油）基本相当.提前主喷时刻、增大喷油压力均使有效热效率增大,CO和碳烟排放降低,NO_x排放增大,而对降低HC排放的影响较小.相比D100,混合燃料可降低CO、HC、碳烟排放,在低喷油压力和较晚主喷时刻下,对碳烟的减排效果更为显著,最大降幅分别为85.5%（主喷时刻-1℃ A ATDC、喷油压力900 bar）和82.9%（主喷时刻-3℃ A ATDC、喷油压力600 bar）,但不同混合燃料间的排放差异较小.综上所述,重型柴油机使用乙醇/PODE/柴油混合燃料可在热效率相当的前提下对排放有较大改善.     

Monitoring atmospheric nitrous oxide background concentrations at Zhongshan Station, east Antarctica

At present,continuous observation data for atmospheric nitrous oxide(N_2O) concentrations are still lacking,especially in east Antarctica.In this paper,nitrous oxide background concentrations were measured at Zhongshan Station(69°22′25″S,76°22′14″E),east Antarctica during the period of 2008–2012,and their interannual and seasonal characteristics were analyzed and discussed.The mean N_2O concentration was 321.9 n L/L with the range of 320.5–324.8 n L/L during the five years,and it has been increasing at a rate of 0.29% year-1.Atmospheric N_2O concentrations showed a strong seasonal fluctuation during these five years.The concentrations appeared to follow a downtrend from spring to autumn,and then increased in winter.Generally the highest concentrations occurred in spring.This trend was very similar to that observed at other global observation sites.The overall N_2O concentration at the selected global sites showed an increasing annual trend,and the mean N_2O concentration in the Northern Hemisphere was slightly higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere.Our result could be representative of atmospheric N_2O background levels at the global scale.This study provided valuable data for atmospheric N_2O concentrations in east Antarctica,which is important to study on the relationships between N2 O emissions and climate change.     

Whither the CDM? Investment outcomes and future prospects

Following an abrupt fall in carbon credit prices, 2012 has witnessed a disinterest on behalf of investors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In this paper, we aim to take a step back and provide an assessment of the CDM through a careful analysis of 6 instrument evaluation criteria. Our study indicates that, despite the important number of projects developed under the CDM, the initial ambition of a scheme that would contribute to sustainable development in developing countries has not materialised. Moreover, the environmental integrity of numerous projects is seriously questioned. Given the interaction of the mechanism with other national policies, notably in the renewable sector, the search of carbon reduction opportunities does not lead to cost-effective abatements. If the CDM governance does not score really well in terms of predictability, the mechanism’s transparency is an example for the development of future climate and development policies at a multilateral level. Finally, the lack of consideration for the demand side of the offset mechanism seriously jeopardises the persistence of this instrument. Therefore, we recommend that any CDM reform considers the demand side, for instance through the setting of a guaranteed minimum price coupled with an obligation of repurchase. One cannot expect progress in host countries if new sources of demand for carbon credits are not rapidly created in developed countries.