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171.
水葫芦厌氧发酵工程化应用研究 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
在实验室进行了接种率、破碎程度和温度等对水葫芦厌氧发酵产气率的影响研究.结果表明:水葫芦在中温35℃下,水葫芦和接种污泥的最佳接种率为1:1(总固体物质比),经简单切分后产气率最高,原料产气率为0.540 m3/d(以每千克固体含量计,下同);高温消化与中温消化相比,产气率无明显优势.在实验室研究基础上,对中国农村地区原有的沼气发酵工艺进行适当的改进,设计构建了5 m3 15 m3(酸化池 产气池)两级反应池,该反应池在夏季常温条件下运行良好,80 d的平均原料产气率达0.305 m3/d. 相似文献
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174.
T. Chen M. Liu Y. Takahashi J.D. Mullen G.C.W. Ames 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(6):948-966
Three different sizes of hog farms were selected to analyze the carbon emissions reduction and the cost–benefit of three methane digester systems. The sizes of the digesters are 2,200, 2,200 and 800 m3, respectively. The sales of slaughter hogs from them are 50,000, 35,000 and 10,000 head, respectively. The carbon emissions reductions were 5,237, 4,017, and 1,334 tons, respectively. The results show that while the methane digester systems have a significant effect on carbon emissions reduction, it is difficult to operate the systems sustainably. If the carbon emissions reduction can be traded at high enough prices in the carbon offset markets, then the systems will be profitable and sustainable. Newly established China's domestic carbon offset market could provide this possibility, but more government support is needed. In addition, this study shows that scale economies make the digester adoption relatively more profitable for larger farms than smaller ones. 相似文献
175.
Impacts of Changes in Precipitation Amount and Distribution on Water Resources Studied Using a Model Rainwater Harvesting System
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Behzad Asadieh Nir Y. Krakauer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(6):1450-1471
Water supply reliability is expected to be affected by both precipitation amount and distribution changes under recent and future climate change. We compare historical (1951‐2010) changes in annual‐mean and annual‐maximum daily precipitation in the global set of station observations from Global Historical Climatology Network and climate models from the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI‐MIP), and develop the study to 2011‐2099 for model projections under high radiative forcing scenario (RCP8.5). We develop a simple rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) model and drive it with observational and modeled precipitation. We study the changes in mean and maximum precipitation along with changes in the reliability of the model RWHS as tools to assess the impact of changes in precipitation amount and distribution on reliability of precipitation‐fed water supplies. Results show faster increase in observed maximum precipitation (10.14% per K global warming) than mean precipitation (7.64% per K), and increased reliability of the model RWHS driven by observed precipitation by an average of 0.2% per decade. The ISI‐MIP models show even faster increase in maximum precipitation compared to mean precipitation. However, they imply decreases in mean reliability, for an average 0.15% per decade. Compared to observations, climate models underestimate the increasing trends in mean and maximum precipitation and show the opposite direction of change in reliability of a model water supply system. 相似文献
176.
The degradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) in simulate wastewater was studied in UV/Fenton/C4H4O62? system. The factors such as molecular ratio of H2O2/Fe2+/C4H4O62?, pH, and the dosage of Fenton reagent that could affect the PAM degradation in the UV/Fenton/C4H4O62? system were investigated. The experimental results showed that adding C4H4O62? to UV/Fenton system could form photosensitive ferrous complexes, which led to higher degradation efficiency of PAM. The degradation rate of PAM could be up to 95.2% under the following conditions: the concentration of H2O2, Fe2+, and C4H4O62? were 22.5, 2.25, and 2.25 mmol/L, respectively (i.e., molecular ratio of H2O2/Fe2+/C4H4O62? was 10:1:1), the pH value was 3.0. 相似文献
177.
Seyfi Polat Ahmet Uyumaz Emre Yilmaz Tolga Topgül H. Serdar Yücesu 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(1):63-70
EGR is one of the most significant strategies for reducing especially nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from internal combustion engines. The thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines is lower than compression ignition engines because of its lower compression ratio. If the compression ratio is increased to obtain higher thermal efficiency, there may be a knocking tendency in spark ignition engines. EGR can be used in order to reduce NOx emissions and avoid knocking phenomena at higher compression ratios. In-cylinder temperature at the end of combustion is decreased and heat capacity of fresh charge is increased when EGR applied. Besides EGR, spark timing is another significant parameter for reducing exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). In this study the effects of EGR and spark timing on spark ignition engine were investigated numerically. KIVA codes were used in order to model combustion process. The combustion process has been modeled for a single cylinder, four stroke and gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engine. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease as EGR ratio increase. In-cylinder pressure increases with the advancing of spark timing. Advancing spark timing increases the heat release rate and in-cylinder temperature. The simulation results also showed that EGR reduced exhaust gas temperature and NOx emissions. 相似文献
178.
Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the reaction pathways with steam reforming of glycerol under cold plasma conditions. Total energies, energy barriers, and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K have been calculated at the GGA/PW91/DNP level. The calculation shows that, with the presence of steam, the energy barrier of glycerol conversion is reduced and the conversion from glycerol to H2 and CO is promoted under cold plasma conditions. The formation of syngas was through a multi-step pathway via the conversion of OHCH2CHOH, CH2OH, CH2O, HCO,·and CH3, while the recombination of H generated extra H2. The synthesis of hydrocarbons are from the recombination of·CH3,·CH2, and·CH, which could be primarily generated through glycerol dissociation. The structure of glycerol anion was also studied in this work, and it was less stable than the neutral molecule. The route for the formation of OHCH2CHOH·and CH2OH·from glycerol anion is thermodynamically favorable. 相似文献
179.
W. M. Choi C. L. Lam W. Y. Mo M. H. Wong 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(8):7186-7194
The fast growing of global aquaculture industry accompanied with increasing pressure on the supply and price of traditional feed materials (e.g., fish meal and soy bean meal). This circumstance has urged the need to search alternative sources of feed stuff. Food waste was used as feed stuff in rearing fish which possess substantial protein and lipid. Grass carp are major species reared in Hong Kong with lower nutritional requirements; it is also an ideal species for investigating the feasibility of using food waste as fish feeds for local aquaculture industry. The growth and immunity, reflected by total protein, total immunologlobulin (IgI), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity of grass carp blood, were depressed when feeding with food waste feeds without enzymes. However, the supplementation of bromelain and papain in fish feed enhanced the efficient use of food waste by grass carp, which in turn improved the fish immunity. The present results indicated that the addition of those enzymes could enhance the feed utilization by fish and hematological parameters of grass carp, and the improvement on growth and immunity superior to the control (commercial feed) was observed with the addition of bromelain and papain supplement. Addition of 1 and 2 % mixture of bromelain and papain could significantly enhance the lipid utilization in grass carp. 相似文献