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91.
A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated in order to analyse 10 phenols in water samples. The optimised conditions were obtained using polyacrylate fibre (PA), 20ml of sample volume, 10% NaCl, pH 4.0 and direct extraction at 35 degrees C and 1000rpm, for 40min. The linear range and quantification limits for these compounds by SPME-GC-MS were defined. An evaluation of the main uncertainty sources of this method is included, which allows expanded uncertainties in the 9.4-35% range for the majority of the compounds. The main source of uncertainty is associated with matrix effects. The validated method is suitable for monitoring the production and distribution of potable water and was used, in field trials, for the analysis of samples from main intakes of water (surface or underground) and from water supply system of a large area (Lisbon and neighbour municipalities). 相似文献
92.
93.
Meninno Sabrina Canelas Ricardo Birjukovs Cardoso António Heleno 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2020,20(3):619-634
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - The performance of a rake for large wood retention has been analysed in clean water and for the case of a slit check dam. An experimental investigation was conducted... 相似文献
94.
Cardoso NF Lima EC Pinto IS Amavisca CV Royer B Pinto RB Alencar WS Pereira SF 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(4):1237-1247
The cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) which is a food residue was used in its natural form as biosorbent for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Direct Blue 53 dyes from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. In acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dyes were favorable. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium was 8 and 18 h at 298 K, for Reactive Red 194 and Direct Blue 53, respectively. The Avrami fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and chemisorption kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. 相似文献
95.
Dalcin MG Pirete MM Lemos DA Ribeiro EJ Cardoso VL de Resende MM 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(4):1165-1173
Hexavalent chromium is frequently found in industrial effluents as a result of the industrial applications of this compound and its anti-corrosive features. However, hexavalent chromium is extremely toxic, and its discharge in water is regulated, with a maximum limit of 0.1 mg/L in accordance with legislation established by CONAMA-Brazil (no. 397, April 3, 2008). To achieve lower discharge values, it is necessary to reduce from Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which is less toxic, and an economic alternative involves biological removal of this compound. Residence time distributions (RTDs) were measured to evaluate the behavior of actual biofilter operation conditions in a biofilter flow. The medium residence time distributions used were 8 and 24 h (recommended by the legislation). To optimize this process, a central composite design was used, considering the initial chromium concentration and pH as the independent variables and the removal of hexavalent chromium as the response. The boundary curves and surface response showed optimal behavior at 3.94 mg/L [Cr(0)] and a pH of 6.2. The removal process of hexavalent chromium is mathematically described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. This model appropriately represents the variation of chromium concentration along the bioreactor. 相似文献
96.
Michelle Cardoso Fred Fulton Colin McKinnon Jack P. Callaghan Michel J. Johnson 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(3):331-343
A postural evaluation of commercial licensed truck drivers was conducted to determine the ergonomic benefits of a truck seat prototype in comparison with an industry standard seat. Twenty commercially licensed truck drivers were recruited to perform a 90-min driving task. Postures were assessed using accelerometers and a backrest and seat pan pressure mapping system. Subjective discomfort measurements were monitored using two questionnaires: ratings of perceived discomfort (RPD) and the automotive seating discomfort questionnaire (ASDQ). Participants reported significantly higher discomfort scores when sitting in the industry standard seat. Participants sat with more lumbar lordosis and assumed a more extended thoracic posture when seated in the prototype. Pairing the gluteal backrest panel with the adjustable seat pan also helped reduce the average sitting pressure on both the seat pan and the backrest. The prototype provided several postural benefits for commercially certified truck drivers, as it did for a young and healthy population. 相似文献
97.
A simple and sensitive method to determine parts per billion (ppb) of atmospheric formaldehyde in situ, using chromotropic acid, is described. A colorimetric sensor, coupled to a droplet of 15.5 microL chromotropic acid, was constructed and used to sample and quantify formaldehyde. The sensor was set up with two optical fibers, a light emitting diode (LED) and two photodiodes. The reference and transmitted light were measured by a photodetection arrangement that converts the signals into units of absorbance. Air was sampled around the chromotropic acid droplet. A purple product was formed and measured after the sampling terminated (typically 7 min). The response is proportional to the sampling period, analyte concentration and sample flow rate. The detection limit is approximately 2 ppb and can be improved by using longer sampling times and/or a sampling flow rate higher than that used in this work, 200 mL min-1. The present technique affords a simple, inexpensive near real-time measurement with very little reagent consumption. The method is selective and highly sensitive. This sensor could be used either for outdoor or indoor atmospheres. 相似文献
98.
Joana F. M. F. Cardoso Johannes IJ. Witte Henk W. van der Veer 《Marine Biology》2007,152(6):1271-1282
In estuarine areas, bivalve species can be found in a variety of environments, where they experience large differences in
environmental conditions. In the present paper, the importance of different habitats (intertidal, subtidal and adjacent coastal
waters) for the persistence of the population was evaluated for the bivalve Macoma balthica (L.) in the western Dutch Wadden Sea estuary. Intra-specific variation in growth and reproductive output were followed during
the year and related to local abiotic conditions. Significant differences in growth and reproductive investment were found
between locations. Young individuals were mostly found in the intertidal area, where growth in terms of somatic mass was good.
These areas were not favourable for adult individuals, since growth in shell length was low and many individuals did not reproduce.
In the subtidal, where the highest densities were found, somatic and gonadal mass indices were low. Coastal areas had the
lowest densities and showed high growth in terms of shell length and body mass. The habitat with the highest reproductive
effort per individual was not the most important habitat in terms of reproductive output due to differences in density and
in size of the habitat type. For M. balthica, the subtidal habitat contributed the most to the reproductive output of the western Dutch Wadden Sea population although
the highest reproductive output per individual was in the coastal area. 相似文献
99.
100.
Application of geostatistical methods to arsenic data from soil samples of the Cova dos Mouros mine (Vila Verde-Portugal) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A total of 286 soil samples were collected in the Cova dos Mouros area. All samples were dry sieved into the <200 mesh size fraction and analysed for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Bi and Mn by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and for As, Se, Sb and Te by atomic absorption spectrometry-hydrid generation (AAS-HG). Only the results of arsenic are discussed in this paper although the survey was extended to all analysed chemical elements. The purpose of this study was to make a risk probability mapping for arsenic that would allow better knowledge about the vulnerability of the soil to arsenic contamination. To achieve this purpose, the initial variable was transformed into an indicator variable using as thresholds the risk-based standards (intervention values) for soils, as proposed by [Swartjes 1999. Risk based assessment of soil and groundwater quality in the Netherlands: Standards and remediation. J. Geochem. Explor.73 1–10]. To account for spatial structure, sample variograms were computed for the main directions of the sampling grid and a spherical model was fitted to each sample variogram (arsenic variable and indicator variables). The parameters of the spherical model fitted to the arsenic variable were used to predict arsenic concentrations at unsampled locations. A risk probability mapping was also done to assess the vulnerability of the soil towards the mining works. The parameters of the spherical model fitted to each indicator variable were used to estimate probabilities of exceeding the corresponding threshold. The use of indicator kriging as an alternative to ordinary kriging for the soil data of Cova dos Mouros produced unbiased probability maps that allowed assessment of the quality of the soil. 相似文献