Direct field observation of the relative humidity effect on the beta-gauge readings

The effect of ambient relative humidity (RH) on hourly particulate matter (PM10) readings of beta-gauge monitors has been studied using two collocated monitors in the field. The inlet air of monitor 1 was conditioned with water vapor to increase its RH, whereas monitor 2 operated normally in ambient conditions. Experimental data showed that PM10 readings of monitor 1 were nearly the same as monitor 2, as long as the RH of its conditioned incoming air did not exceed approximately 80-85%. However, when the RH exceeded approximately 80-85%, PM10 readings of monitor 1 became higher than monitor 2, and the difference increased with increasing RH. The measurement of pressure drop across the filter was also conducted, and the data revealed that the increase of pressure drop per unit of PM10 concentration decreased when RH was higher than approximately 80-85%, as compared with the case when RH was lower than 80-85%. This is perhaps because of more porous structure of deposited particles in the beta-gauge monitor when RH is greater than approximately 80-85%. The theoretical calculation using an evaporation model and a thermodynamic model has been conducted to simulate the beta-gauge readings. The results show that the theoretical PM10 concentrations using the evaporation model are in better agreement with the actual beta-gauge readings than those using the thermodynamic equilibrium model.     

植物对二氧化硫的反应和抗性研究 Ⅷ.自由基清除剂对SO2伤害的保护作用

应用了五种自由基清除剂——苯甲酸钠、二苯胺,2.6二叔丁基对羟甲苯、生育醇(维生素E)和没食子酸丙酯来喷洒植株或涂抹叶片,然后接触致害浓度的SO_2。供试植物为芝麻、烟草、小麦、紫花苜蓿和辣椒五种。试验结果表明,预先经过这些药剂处理的植物,伤害有所减轻,外渗K+减少,与此同时,乙烷、丙二醛和荧光物质的产生也相应降低。自由基清除剂对SO_2伤害的保护作用说明在伤害过程中有自由基参与,它们引起膜类脂的过氧化作用。这些结果对膜类脂的过氧化是SO_2伤害过程的一个重要环节的假设提供了又一个证据。     

镁粉着火敏感特性研究现状与分析

通过大量文献调研,从两个方面整理并分析了近年来关于镁粉着火敏感特性研究现状,即镁粉着火敏感特性参数和镁粉着火敏感特性防护技术研究,并在此基础上提出进一步的研究建议,为更好地预防镁粉爆炸事故及相关理论技术研究提供参考。     

不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征研究

为探讨长期定位试验田不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征,采用室内恒温通气培养法,保持土壤田间持水量在65％条件下,测定不同耕作方式下表层土壤（0～20cm）在不同温度下的NH4^＋和NO3^-含量,并计算氮素矿化量和硝化率。结果表明,随着温度的升高,土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均增强,几种耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均表现为35℃〉30℃〉25℃。保护性耕作与水旱轮作和常规平作之间的矿化量存在显著的差异,垄作免耕〉厢作免耕〉水旱轮作〉常规平作。土壤氮素最终硝化率达到了60％～80％,表现为常规平作最高,水旱轮作次之,厢作免耕最低。矿化率与土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷对数均成显著正相关,相关系数分别为r^2=0．99,r^2=0．97,r^2=0．96,pH是影响硝化作用的重要因素,硝化率与土壤pH成显著正相关,r^2=0．991。     

伊逊河流域总磷污染来源解析

2017—2018年TP成为滦河一级支流伊逊河流域的主要污染因子,部分国控断面水质主要以GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类为主.为开展伊逊河TP污染定量识别研究,在2017年和2018年伊逊河流域水体TP污染时空特征分析的基础上,从流域磷铁矿工业污染、城镇生活污水、雨水径流、河道内源释放以及农业非点源等方面开展TP污染研究.结果表明:①伊逊河流域上游至下游TP污染程度呈加剧恶化趋势,上游唐三营控制单元污染较轻,下游李台控制单元TP污染最重;丰水期TP污染较重,枯/平水期污染较轻;从年度看,2017年TP污染严重,2018年年均ρ（TP）下降了50.00%.②2017年、2018年伊逊河流域TP污染来源差异显著,2017年磷输入主要来自于磷铁矿工业污染,占比为33.46%;选矿企业整改后,2018年磷输入主要来源变为畜禽养殖和城镇生活污染,二者占比合计为59.91%.针对伊逊河流域TP污染特征,提出伊逊河流域TP污染控制建议:加强选矿企业环境监管,进一步完善监管体系;加强流域水土流失治理,实施矿山披绿;大力实施绿色农业工程,加强畜禽养殖布局优化.      

中度污染情景下的武汉市空气质量改善研究

文章采用空气质量模式对在中度污染天气下保障武汉市空气质量优良的3种减排措施,即对武汉市1+8城市圈的工业、电力、交通实施不同程度的减排效果进行了评估。模拟的基准时段为2015年1月7-12日。首先,该文采用武汉市空气质量监测站点的同期的气象数据和污染物浓度数据验证了模型的可靠性。随后,通过模式模拟了3种减排措施实施后的武汉市空气质量。结果表明,武汉市处于中度污染天气状态时,当城市圈各属地内工业源减排30%(减排情景1)时,PM_2.5削减率基本在10%以内;当城市圈各属地内工业源、电力源和交通源都减排30%(减排情景2)时,PM_2.5的削减率在9%～14%之间;当城市圈各属地内电力源减排30%、工业源减排50%、交通源减排50%(减排情景3)时,PM_2.5的平均削减率可达18.78%,且空气质量可达到优良状态。     

水生植物与水气界面气体交换对岩溶泉水化学及碳循环影响

为揭示水生植物光合作用及水气之间气体交换对岩溶水化学及碳循环的影响,在姜家泉沿程选取5个监测点,于2017年12月至2018年11月对其水化学性质进行监测.结果显示:(1)在降水较少的月份,JJQ3的Ca2+浓度和HCO3-浓度明显小于JJQ1和JJQ2,并且溶解氧(DO)与电导率(EC)、Ca2+浓度、HCO3-浓度之间均呈负相关关系,说明池水处水生植物光合作用将碳酸盐岩溶蚀产生的HCO3-转化成了稳定的有机碳,从而增强了岩溶碳汇效应.(2)JJQ4的Ca2+和HCO3-浓度与JJQ1、JJQ2没有明显差异,但pH和溶解氧(DO)却明显高于JJQ1和JJQ2,并且JJQ4处溶解无机碳的稳定碳同位素(δ13CDIC)偏正于JJQ1和JJQ2,这主要是跌水导致水-气之间发生了气体交换.大气中的氧气通过曝气作用进入水中,而水中二氧化碳分压(pCO2)远高于大气,导致水中溶解的CO2脱气.(3)姜家泉水化学受到水生植物光合作用和水-气间气体交换的共同影响,并且在强酸参与下,CO2脱气将进一步减弱岩溶碳汇效应.因此,为准确估算岩溶碳通量,有必要对两种作用方式进行区分.     

An economic evaluation on the purification and storage of waste hydrogen for the use of fuel cell scooters

Safe and reliable metal hydride canisters (MHCs) for the use of hydrogen storage at low pressure can be applied to supply small fuel cell vehicles or scooters with hydrogen fuel. However, greater cost-effectiveness of hydrogen gas is obviously necessary to the successful promotion of hydrogen fuel cell scooters in the market. In this study, we use the net present value (NPV) method to evaluate the feasibility of an investment project on the supply of purified hydrogen in a pulp company at Hualien, Taiwan. The purified hydrogen can be separated from waste hydrogen by using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology and then be stored in MHCs. Under some assumptions of improved parameters about hydrogen production cost and hydrogen gas price, the discounted payback period of hydrogen purification and storage project in our study can be less than 10 years and the unit cost of hydrogen gas can be close to the price of gasoline. Moreover, the unit cost of hydrogen gas in our study can be lower than the cost from other sources of hydrogen.     

厌氧-好氧填料床联合处理餐饮废水的研究

调查江苏省扬州市餐饮废水排放特征,开发出一种厌氧-好氧填料床联合反应器用于处理餐饮废水.通过试验确定上流式厌氧填料床水力停留时间为4h,当联合工艺的总水力停留时间为8h时,联合工艺对餐饮废水处理CODcr去除率达到了90%.出水中CODcr、NH3-N、SS、磷酸盐指标达到国家一级排放标准.     

Arsenic, cadmium, and lead in California cropland soils: role of phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers

Phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers contain potentially harmful trace elements, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). We investigated if application of these fertilizer increases the As, Cd, and Pb concentrations of the receiving soils. More than 1000 soil samples were collected in seven major vegetable production regions across California. Benchmark soils (no or low fertilizer input) sampled in 1967 and re-sampled in 2001 served as a baseline. Soils were analyzed for total concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, P, and Zn. The P and Zn concentrations of the soils were indicators of P fertilizer and micronutrient inputs, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of these elements in the vegetable production fields in some production areas of California had been shifted upward. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the seven production areas could be sorted into three categories: (i) enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb, which was associated with the enrichment of P and Zn in one of the seven areas surveyed; (ii) enrichment of As, which was associated with enrichment of Zn in two of the seven areas surveyed; and (iii) no remarkable correlation between enrichment of As, Cd, and Pb and enrichment of P and Zn in the other four areas surveyed.