设施菜地土壤重金属累积及影响因素研究

为了解设施菜地土壤重金属累积规律及影响因,通过在全国8个省具有代表性的设施蔬菜产区采集土壤和肥料样品,系统研究了设施栽培年限、肥料施用、土壤性质对设施菜地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd累积量及活度的影响.结果表明:与露天栽培相比,设施条件下随着栽培年限的延长,土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度均呈明显的累积趋势,栽培年限>15a时的设施土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度分别是露天栽培土壤的1.57、2.16、1.67、3.28、1.96、2.00倍.Pearson分析表明设施菜地土壤Cu、Zn、Cd均与土壤SOM呈极显著相关,说明其在来源上较强的相似性,进一步对设施栽培土壤主要投入品中Cu、Zn、Cd含量分析表明,猪粪、商品有机肥及土壤调理剂中Cu、Zn均超过了100mg/kg,Cd超过了1.0mg/kg,且投入量较大,是设施栽培土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd的主要贡献者,而秸秆和部分化肥(如尿素、硫酸钾)中的Cu、Zn、Cd含量均极低,对设施栽培土壤累积贡献微乎其微.pH值和CEC是影响Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中累积活度的关键因素,其中随着pH值的升高土壤Cu活度表现了先升高后下降的趋势,而土壤Cd活度则表现了持续下降的趋势,仅在pH<6.26时达到了显著相关水平;土壤CEC的升高对土壤Cu活度表现了先下降后升高再下降的趋势,土壤Cd活度表现了先升高后缓慢下降再升高的趋势,而土壤Zn活度仅在CEC<5.83时随着CEC升高表现下降显著线性相关趋势.因此,防止设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn、Cd的累积与污染,选择重金属含量低的肥料和调控土壤理化特性(尤其是pH值、CEC)则是缓解设施栽培土壤重金属累积速率进而确保蔬菜质量安全的有效途径.     

Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

The effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial cells induced by airborne PM2.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxicity of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). A Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner. We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs, as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3); and(3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore, promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate, whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.     

基于鱼类完整性指数的滦河流域生态系统健康评价

生物完整性指数作为评价河流健康的重要工具,对流域管理有明确的指导作用.为全面掌握滦河流域生态系统健康状况,构建F-IBI（鱼类完整性指数）,开展滦河流域生态系统健康评价.于2016年10-11月对滦河流域58个采样点收集了鱼类与环境数据,根据栖息地质量评分与水质等级来确定参考点（12个）和受损点（7个）.利用分布范围检验、敏感性分析及冗余检验对20个候选指标进行筛选,以获得构建F-IBI的核心指标.采用1、3、5赋分法对核心指标进行赋分,并计算F-IBI最终得分.利用分位数法将F-IBI划分为"健康" "亚健康" "一般" "差" "极差"5个等级.利用非参数检验对F-IBI的适用性进行校验.结果表明:①鱼类物种数、个体数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、底栖食性鱼类个体百分比、耐受性鱼类个体百分比、产黏性卵鱼类个体百分比、产沉性卵鱼类个体百分比、上层鱼类个体百分比和广布种鱼类个体百分比等9个指标被筛选出,其适合作为构建F-IBI的核心指标.②F-IBI计算结果表明滦河流域58个采样点中,"健康"和"亚健康"等级采样点有22个,"一般"等级采样点22个,"差"和"极差"等级采样点14个.滦河干支流上游地区健康状况较好,干流中下游及部分独流入海河流健康状况较差,这主要受到不同地区社会经济发展的影响.③Mann-Whitney U检验发现,F-IBI在参考点与非参考点之间有显著差异,栖息地综合得分随F-IBI评价等级降低而下降,在"健康"与除"亚健康"外的其他等级以及"极差"与除"差"外的其他等级之间有显著差异.研究显示,构建的F-IBI适用于滦河流域生态系统健康评价.      

设施叶菜类蔬菜重金属镉、铅和砷累积特征及健康风险评价

近年来京津冀地区春季扬沙、秋冬季节雾或霾频发,大气可吸入颗粒物尤其是PM2.5可负载镉铅砷等重金属,易被叶菜类蔬菜(叶菜)吸收并在可食部位累积,设施叶菜类蔬菜可食部位重金属的累积是否同样受大气沉降的影响.对此,以京津冀地区常见6种叶菜类蔬菜——菠菜、油麦菜、生菜、小白菜、茼蒿和茴香为主要对象,采用田间试验,探索了大棚叶...     

杭州黑碳气溶胶污染特性及来源研究

2011年7月~2012年6月对黑碳气溶胶(BC)、PM2.5、污染气体及气象因子进行同步观测,以评估杭州市BC污染特征、来源分布及对大气能见度的影响.结果表明:杭州市大气BC日均浓度范围为1.3~16.5μg/m3,年均值达到(5.1±2.5)μg/m3.BC呈明显的季节变化趋势,秋冬季高,夏季低.BC也呈典型的日变化趋势,交通高峰期高,下午低,同时与NOx呈较好的相关性,表明城市中BC受到机动车尾气排放的重要影响;而BC/CO低于其他城市则表明生物质燃烧排放可能是杭州BC的另一大重要来源.BC随风速下降呈上升趋势, BC超过10μg/m3的高浓度事件中,风速基本低于2m/s,北-西北-西风对高浓度BC的输送作用明显.观测期间BC的吸收系数为(44.8±23.0)Mm-1,占到总消光比例的10.4%.灰霾和重度灰霾天气下,吸收系数分别为(66.2±30.1),(100.2±49.2)Mm-1,达到非霾天气的2.2和3.4倍, 表明BC吸收消光作用是影响杭州市大气能见度下降和灰霾天气发生的重要因素之一.     

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E

Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L^?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L^?1 and 40 mg L^?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.     

An investigation on pollutant emissions from co-firing of RDF and coal

Pollutant emissions from co-firing of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and coal were investigated in a vortexing fluidized bed combustor (VFBC). RDF-5 was made of common municipal solid waste (MSW). CaCO₃ was injected in the combustor to absorb HCl at 850 °C. The results show that NO_x and HCl emissions increase with RDF-5 co-firing ratio. The NO_x concentration in flue gas at the bottom of the combustor is higher than that at the top. However, the trend of HCl released is reverse compared with NO_x emissions. It was found that the HCl concentration decreases with increasing the molar ratio of Ca/Cl. However, the effect of CaCO₃ addition on HCl retention is not significant when the molar ratio of Ca/Cl is higher than 5. The chlorine content in fly ash increases obviously with the molar ratio of Ca/Cl. PCDD/Fs emissions decrease slightly with an addition of CaCO₃. In this study incomplete combustion is regarded as the main cause for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation.     

Cell phone recycling experiences in the United States and potential recycling options in Brazil

This paper presents an overview of cell phone recycling programs currently available in the United States. At the same time, it also provides analyses of the current recycling situation and possible recycling alternatives for Brazil. Although there are several recycling options in the United States, collection rates are still only 10% of all potential devices because customers are not aware of these possibilities. The whole system is financially based on reselling refurbished cell phones and recycled materials to developing countries which represent an effective and strong market. Several recyclers offer funds to collection partners who are either charities or who work with charities while obtaining the materials that they need in order to run their operations. A mobile phone recycling system for Brazil considering the United States experience and the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle is suggested. A deposit/refund/advance-recycling fee is proposed which might be implemented as a voluntary industrial initiative managed by PRO Brazil, a producer responsibility organization. One widespread public–private agreement will integrate all mobile phone stakeholders, and environmental education actions and promotional events will promote citizen’s participation.