开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积影响的定量分析

开都河是注入博斯腾湖的最大河流,1958～2002年间平均入湖水量达23.62×10⁸m³,占博斯腾湖总补给量的80%以上。1958年以来开都河灌区灌溉引水量维持在8.17×10⁸m³～13.18×10⁸m³之间,其中20世纪60年代灌溉引水量平均为10.14×10⁸m³/a,占开都河径流量的31.1%;70年代引水量上升到12.15×10⁸m³/a,为开都河径流量的36.5%;80年代引水量下降到11.29×10⁸m³/a,但引水量仍占开都河径流量的36.5%;90年代灌溉引水量进一步降至9.85×10⁸m³/a,仅占径流量的27.1%。通过水量平衡分析和相关回归计算,得出开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积影响的数值:20世纪60年代平均值为62.4km²;70年代平均值为80.8km²;80年代、90年代分别为90.4km²、76.7km²,2000年以来平均仅为41.3km²。由此可见,45年来开都河灌区灌溉引水对博斯腾湖面积的影响经历了弱→强→弱的变化过程。     

CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

Characteristics of ozone and ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx) around a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China

A field measurement campaign for ozone and ozone precursors(VOCs and NOx) was conducted in summer 2011 around a petroleum refinery in the Beijing rural region. Three observation sites were arranged, one at southwest of the refinery as the background, and two at northeast of the refinery as the downwind receptors. Monitoring data revealed the presence of serious surface O3 pollution with the characteristics of high average daily mean and maximum concentrations(64.0 and 145.4 ppbV in no-rain days, respectively) and multi-peak diurnal variation. For NOx, the average hourly concentrations of NO2 and NO were in the range of 20.5–46.1 and 1.8–6.4 ppbV, respectively. For VOC measurement, a total of 51 compounds were detected. Normally, TVOCs at the background site was only dozens of ppbC, while TVOCs at the downwind sites reached several hundreds of ppbC. By subtracting the VOC concentrations at background, chemical profiles of VOC emission from the refinery were obtained, mainly including alkanes(60.0% ± 4.3%), alkenes(21.1% ± 5.5%) and aromatics(18.9% ± 3.9%). Moreover, some differences in chemical profiles for the same measurement hours were observed between the downwind sites; the volume ratios of alkanes with low reactivity and those of alkenes with high reactivity respectively showed an increasing trend and a decreasing trend. Finally, based on temporal and spatial variations of VOC mixing ratios, their photochemical degradations and dispersion degradations were estimated to be 0.15–0.27 and 0.42–0.62, respectively, by the photochemical age calculation method, indicating stronger photochemical reactions around the refinery.     

中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系现状研究及完善建议

中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系历经30余年,已初步形成一套基本成熟的地表水环境质量监测体系,但随着环境保护工作的不断推进和监测技术的进步,监测体系的诸多问题也凸显.结合中国《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）,对中国地表水水质的监测方法、技术、指标等方面进行了系统的归纳与分析,提出了相应的建议,即规范项目参数的描述、筛选优化控制项目、建立多层次、实用的控制指标监测方法体系、完善控制项目QC指标体系、制订专门地表水监测技术规范.     

大伙房水库生态环境问题及保护对策研究

大伙房水库是全国九大城市重点饮用水源地之一,是辽宁省最大的城市水源地,供水人口达2 300万人,占辽宁省人口总数的52％.通过对大伙房水库的环境现状进行了实地调查,分析了大伙房水库主要环境问题,提出农业种植引起的面源污染较重和农村环境治理设施滞后以及矿山开采导致生态环境破坏是其主要原因.为了使大伙房水库能够更加安全、有效的发挥供水作用,保障供水安全,在调研的基础上提出了大伙房水库保护与可持续利用的对策与意见.     

连续流培养好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)因其沉降性能好,生物量高,抗冲击能力强等优点而受到青睐.相比于传统的序批式反应器(SBR),连续流AGS技术具有易于操作控制以及匹配实际污水厂的大水量,连续流的优势,因而更具有研究价值和应用潜力.通过文献分析和整理,归纳了连续流AGS技术面临的挑战,总结了连续流培养AGS的研究现状和经验教训,并对...     

SPE净化-HPLC法测定新鲜土壤中的多环芳烃

在参考EPA3630方法的基础上,探索了用环己烷样时商品化硅胶小柱的穿透曲线,并且验证了转溶剂为环己烷的必要性。同时对Vydac和Waters的PAH专用柱进行了比较,优化了液相色谱检测多环芳烃的方法。可用于新鲜土样多环芳烃的分析。     

油田油泥(砂)废弃物排放状况及处理技术

中国油田及石油化工行业每年油泥(砂)的排放量达到80多万吨,已严重制约油田的可持续发展。油泥(砂)中石油含量达10%～30%,还含有多环芳烃、重金属等污染物,可对生态环境和人体健康造成危害。国内外已广泛开展了油泥(砂)处理技术的研究。油泥(砂)处理技术包括资源回收技术、无害化处理技术和综合利用技术。本文简述了水洗处理技术、生物处理技术和热解气化焚烧工艺,并对不同处理技术的优缺点进行了比较。应结合中国国情及成本等方面综合考虑选用不同的处理方法,实现油泥的减量化、无害化、资源化、清洁化处理。     

好氧-厌氧污泥耦合白腐真菌单元对焦化废水的处理

白腐真菌因能分泌胞外木质素降解酶降解难降解有机污染物,而在难降解有机废水处理中具有巨大应用潜力.其研究常采用白腐真菌直接处理废水,很少关注常规生物法耦合白腐真菌的处理方式.基于此,分别采用白腐真菌和好氧-厌氧污泥耦合Phanerochaete Chrysosporium处理焦化废水以考察后者的可行性.在好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium的处理中,仅采用3 d的处理时间,好氧-厌氧污泥可将6097 mg·L~(-1)的COD和351 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮分别降至1634~1684 mg·L~(-1)和102~117 mg·L~(-1);进而固定化P.chrysosporium将COD和氨氮再次分别降至1322~1372 mg·L~(-1)和16~62 mg·L~(-1).最终COD和氨氮的去除率分别达77%~78%和82%~95%,这表明:好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium处理焦化废水可在更短的处理周期完成比直接采用白腐真菌处理更好的处理效果,此思路合理可行.     

纳米TiO2对土壤重金属释放及形态变化的影响

通过室外模拟淹水实验研究纳米Ti O_2对土壤重金属迁移转化的影响,分析了两种纳米Ti O_2对三峡水库典型消落区土壤中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd释放和形态变化的影响.结果表明,淹水两个月后,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石和锐钛矿颗粒处理均导致约30%的Cr释放到水中,主要促进可氧化态和残渣态Cr的溶出,从而促进土壤Cr的活化,大大提高其生态风险;另外,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石颗粒处理导致酸可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量分别下降25.92%和33.09%,增强其迁移性;但添加锐钛矿颗粒处理促进土壤中可氧化态Zn的生成,含量提高约30%,有利于Zn的固定;此外,两种纳米Ti O_2颗粒对Cu和Cd的形态均没有明显的影响.因此,纳米Ti O_2对土壤中Cr释放和形态变化影响最大,其次是Pb和Zn,在进行重金属污染土壤的修复及其风险评估时需要特别注意.