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71.
NOM characteristics and treatabilities of ozonation processes 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The objectives of this study were intended to evaluate the effects of the characteristics of natural organic matter on the treatabilities of ozonation, coagulation, filtration, and granular activated carbon processes. The ultra-violet absorbance (UV254) was used as a surrogate parameter to assess each process in reducing the disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP). The results indicate that the DBPFP varies with the sources of water samples and treatment processes, but is closely related to the measurement of UV254/DOC. Coagulation/sedimentation can eliminate large molecular weight organic fractions. Both pre- and post-ozonation processes can reduce some of DBP precursors than the conventional treatment process, and are more reliable for reducing the overall DBPFP. 相似文献
72.
Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
The role of bromide in the formation and speciation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination was investigated. The molar ratio of applied chlorine to bromide is an important factor in the formation and speciation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and halogenacetic acids (HAAs). A good relationship exists between the molar fractions of THMs and the bromide incorporation factor. The halogen substitution ability of HOBr and HOCl during the formation of THMs and HAAs can be determined based on probability theory. The formation of HAAs, and their respective concentrations, can also be estimated through use of the developed model. 相似文献
73.
Comparisons of metal leachability for various wastes by extraction and leaching methods 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
The objective of this research was to evaluate three extraction tests, i.e., toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP), extraction procedure (EP), and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods, for their ability to extract metals in chemical sludge and incineration bottom ash, in terms of the precision of analytical results. Typical chemical sludges, including the electroplating and dye-stuff sludges, the municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, the leather debris, and the steel-mill bottom residue containing Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were prepared for the lysimetry test (dynamic testing) to compare with the extraction results. Results show that for bottom residue and dye-stuff sludge, the concentration of metal leached was almost the same between the lysimetry leaching and the TCLP tests. The metal concentration followed the order: TCLP approximately = EP > ASTM. TCLP and EP exhibited almost the same relative standard deviation (RSD) value. Therefore, the results of the TCLP tests for bottom residue and dye-stuff sludge, which have a low metal content and alkalinity, can be used to estimate the metal concentration leached by typical acid rain in Taiwan; whereas the ASTM extraction test may be a better indicator of the lysimetry test. 相似文献
74.
Ting Kuo Chiang Lin Hsiao-Hsien Chien Jung-Hul Tseng Kuan-Chieh Hsu Chin-Hsien 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(48):72101-72116
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study aimed to explore the opportunities for the sustainable development of professional sports enterprises and events from the... 相似文献
75.
An evaluation approach for livable urban environments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chia-Ling Chiang Jeng-Jong Liang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(8):5229-5242
This study proposes a method for evaluating livable urban environments using the analytic hierarchy process, a survey of public opinions (n?=?1,075), and gray relational analysis with a pollutant standards index to estimate the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects and each respective factor. This study investigates the positive or negative correlation of these factors and their effects on livable environment. A value of 100 was designated as the perfect living condition. Results show that the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects were 0.288, 0.395, and 0.317, respectively. The weight ranges of three weather factors, five air pollution factors, and ten environmental factors were 0.311-0.358, 0.191-205, and 0.081-0.116, respectively. The monthly livable index of 28 districts in Taichung City and of 20 cities/counties in Taiwan ranged from 81.1 to 92.4 and from 83.1 to 90.8 in different months, respectively, showing that environmental aspect played a key role. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide a quantification index of living conditions in each region, thereby establishing the governmental improvement policy firmly. This study also presents a discussion on improvement strategies, especially on the apportionment rate of governmental construction funds for livable urban environments. 相似文献
76.
77.
Wai-Lun Chiang Rudolf Shiu-Sun Wu Peter Kwan-Ngok Yu Doris Wai-Ting Au 《Marine Biology》2007,151(2):703-711
Earlier laboratory experiments suggested that environmental levels of UV-B radiation can damage the eyes of barnacle naupliar
larvae and impair their phototactic behaviors. However, since barnacle larvae may avoid UV by migrating to deeper waters,
it is not known whether such impairment would actually occur under field conditions. For the first time, this study provides
both field and laboratory evidences to show that prevailing UV-B in the natural habitat of barnacle larvae could be an important
environmental factor affecting natural barnacle populations. We here showed that although barnacle nauplii may avoid UV-B
irradiation by downward migration, the amount of UV energy (9.8 × 10−6 J) received by a naupliar eye during downward migration in the natural water column is within the same order of magnitude
as the total energy (7.5 × 10−6 J) sufficient to cause damages to naupliar eye and impair their phototactic responses. It is possible that solar UV-B prevailing
at shallow waters would pose a similar threat to other zooplankton species over large geographic scale. 相似文献
78.
79.
The objectives of this research were to examine the physical characteristics of activated carbons made of different materials, thereby suggest a preferable approach to obtaining the optimal estimation of the parameters for the activated carbons by the statistical techniques. After the appropriate pretreatments, the apparent and true densities of activated carbon, adsorption isotherms of argon, nitrogen and mercury, and the adsorptive capacity of benzene were determined by using the recommended approaches. The results showed that the shapes of hysteresis loop indicated that the pores were probably slit‐shaped or formed by plate‐like particles, which could be confirmed by the SEM examination. It was noted that the apparent density used for pore volume calculation presented a higher possibility of underestimation. Through the use of the statistical techniques, such as factor analysis (FA) and correspondence analysis (CA), the principal physical parameters on adsorption phenomena could be characterized. Finally, the optimal methods for obtaining the surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were suggested. 相似文献
80.