Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in surface waters from the Haihe River in Tianjin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring

The estrogenic pollutants 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in surface water samples from the Haihe River, Tianjin, China. The analytes were extracted and concentrated from 300 ml acidified water samples by liquid–liquid extractions using dichloromethane, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Among the samples collected from 14 sampling sites, only one sample was found to have a relatively high concentration of BPA (8.30 μg l⁻¹) and NP (0.55 μg l⁻¹). The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the other samples were in the range of 18.0–20.2, 106–296 and 19.1–106 ng l⁻¹, respectively. Recoveries for OP, NP and BPA in the spiked water samples were all over 80%.     

城市二级污水灌溉对几种园林植物生长的影响

以新疆乌鲁木齐市东郊七道弯污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象．开展了二级污水对几种园林植物(万寿菊、紫穗槐、高羊茅、早熟禾)生理、生态的影响研究。与对照组相比，结果表明，草坪草、紫穗槐叶绿素含量、净光合速率、地上部分生物量增加。     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Application of nanoparticle tracking analysis for characterising the fate of engineered nanoparticles in sediment-water systems

Novel applications of nanotechnology may lead to the release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), which result in concerns over their potential environmental hazardous impact. It is essential for the research workers to be able to quantitatively characterise ENPs in the environment and subsequently to assist the risk assessment of the ENPs. This study hence explored the application of nanoparticle tracking system (NTA) to quantitatively describe the behaviour of the ENPs in natural sediment-water systems. The NTA allows the measurement of both particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution (PSD) of the ENPs. The developed NTA method was applied to a range of gold and magnetite ENPs with a selection of surface properties. The results showed that the positively-charged ENPs interacted more strongly with the sediment than neutral and negatively-charged ENPs. It was also found that the citrate coated Au ENPs had a higher distribution percentage (53%) than 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid coated Au ENPs (20%) and citrate coated magnetite ENPs (21%). The principles of the electrostatic interactions between hard (and soft) acids and bases (HSAB) are used to explain such behaviours; the hard base coating (i.e. citrate ions) will interact more strongly with hard acid (i.e. magnetite) than soft acid (i.e. gold). The results indicate that NTA is a complementary method to existing approaches to characterise the fate and behaviour of ENPs in natural sediment.     

Hollow TiO2 spheres with improved visible light photocatalytic activity synergistically enhanced by multi-stimulative: Morphology advantage, carbonate-doping and the induced Ti3 +

Great efforts have been devoted to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 in the visible light region. Rational design of the external structure and adjustment of intrinsic electronic status by impurity doping are two main effective ways to achieve this purpose. A facile onepot synthetic approach was developed to prepare C-doped hollow TiO_2 spheres, which simultaneously realized these advantages. The synthesized TiO_2 exhibits a mesoporous hollow spherical structure composed of fine nanocrystals, leading to high specific surface area(~180 m~2/g) and versatile porous texture. Carbonate-doping was achieved by a postthermal treatment at a relatively low temperature(200°C), which makes the absorption edge red-shifted to the visible region of the solar spectrum. Concomitantly, Ti~(3+) induced by C-doping also functions in improving the visible-light photocatalytic activity by reducing the band gap. There exists a synergistic effect from multiple stimulatives to enhance the photocatalytic effect of the prepared TiO_2 catalyst. It is not out of expectation that the asprepared C-doped hollow TiO_2 spheres exhibits an improved photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation in organic pollutant degradation.     

广东红海湾海域表层水环境中重金属含量特征及污染评价

为了研究红海湾海域水体中重金属的污染水平,2015年5月和11月在研究海域设48个采样站位进行了表层水样分析,分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As共7种重金属的含量及污染特征,采用单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染评价法对研究海域的水质污染情况进行评价分析,利用变异系数法来分析了各调查站位之间污染物在空间尺度上离散程度,使用相关性分析和PCA方法分析重金属污染物的主要来源。结果表明,该海域表层海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量的平均值均满足《海水水质标准》二类水质要求,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示7种重金属平均含量的污染程度大体排序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Cr＞Hg。综合污染评价法显示评价海域表层海水中7种重金属综合污染指数的平均值均小于1,且综合污染指数整体相差不大,研究海域属于清洁海域。变异系数结果表明各站位间水体中重金属含量在调查海域空间离散度较大,研究海域的重金属污染物来自不同的污染源。相关性分析和PCA方法分析表明,重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As之间的相关系数较小,且前三个主分中的研究重金属元素正载荷较低,因此重金属元素相互之间都不具有相似的污染水平或共同的污染来源,元素之间具有共同来源的概率较低。     

攀枝花矿区糙野青茅根际耐铬放线菌筛选及促生能力评价

从攀枝花矿区糙野青茅根际土中分离放线菌,筛选获得对重金属铬具有强耐受性、抗菌促生和产胞外酶能力的放线菌,为微生物-植物联合修复重金属污染提供菌种资源.采用稀释涂布法进行放线菌的分离,通过放线菌在不同铬浓度高氏一号培养基上的生长状况判断其对重金属铬的耐受性,进一步采用原子吸收分光光度法分析菌株对铬耐受性强的菌株耐铬及去铬能力;通过对菌株产铁载体、溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、产纤维素酶、产淀粉酶、产木糖酶、产酪蛋白酶能力及抗菌活性的筛选,综合评价菌株抗菌促生能力.结果显示,分离获得的27株根际菌株,光学显微形态及扫描电镜结果均显示为放线菌,其中有14株能在含铬的培养基上生长,具有耐铬能力.16S rRNA基因测序结果显示,14株放线菌分属于链霉菌属(streptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)和冢村氏菌属(Tsukamurella).菌株SCAU9002和SCAU9008在铬浓度为300mg·L~(-1)的处理下培养6 d,去铬率分别达到81.17%和78.41%;菌株SCAU9002、SCAU9006、SCAU9008、SCAU9009、SCAU9013同时具有3种促生功能,盆栽实验结果进一步表明,在重金属胁迫下,经菌株处理后的玉米植株更高,生物量更大,根系更发达,促生效果较好.此外,菌株SCAU9006对6种病原菌具有拮抗作用,5株菌同时具有3种及以上产胞外水解酶的能力,4株菌能在7%的NaCl浓度下生长,13株菌在pH5.0~8.0的范围内均可生长.结果表明,根际放线菌在促进矿区植物生长和铬尾矿污染土壤的生物修复研究中具有很大潜力.     

贫营养条件下MBR与IAMBR脱氮效果分析

以膜生物反应器(Membrane Bio-Reactor,MBR)工艺和间歇曝气式膜生物反应器(Intermittent Aeration Membrane Bio-Reactor,IAMBR)工艺进行对比运行试验,探求贫营养条件下系统的运行和脱氮特性。定期测量各项氮指标及混合液污泥浓度等数据,结果表明:IAMBR系统整个周期内的氨氮去除率(平均值为81%)基本高于MBR(平均值为76%);IAMBR的总氮去除率虽然有限,但基本维持了理论上的出水总氮质量浓度小于进水总氮质量浓度,优于MBR的总氮去除率负值状态;试验末期,MBR的污泥质量浓度迅速下降至3 650 mg/L以下,而间歇曝气式IAMBR的污泥质量浓度仍旧保持在4 530 mg/L。因此,整体来看IAMBR系统比MBR更能经受贫营养环境的冲击。     

A possible in situ 3H and 3He source in Earth’s interior: an alternative explanation of origin of 3He in deep Earth

Origin of ³He in the Earth is a mystery. Lacking a production mechanism, scientists assume ³He was trapped in the Earth, when the Earth was formed. In contrast to this assumption, we have found ³He and ³H concentrations in excess of the atmospheric values in the deep waters of the volcanic Lakes Pavin (France), Laacher (Germany) and Nemrut (Turkey). This paper reports the result of finding ³H in these three volcanic lakes that appear to originate from the mantle. Because ³H has a half-life of 12.3 years, this ³H and the resulting ³He must have formed recently in the mantle and not be part of a primordial reservoir. The nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of “missing” energy in the interior of the Earth.