新型冻干法生态殡葬的研究探讨

土葬、火葬等传统殡葬方式对城市土地构成了越来越沉重的压力,体现节地、绿色等现代环保理念的新型冻干生态殡葬应运而生。冻干法殡葬（又称为Promession）最初是由瑞典人Wiigh-Msak开发出的一种遗体处理方法：遗体经液氮冷冻、粉化、干燥后,浅埋于地下,进入生态循环。本文比较了土葬、火葬、生态葬的优劣,综述了国内外冻干法生态殡葬的研究进展,提出了冻干葬法的技术难点及解决方案。本文为改革和创新遗体处理方式,推行生态葬法,倡导绿色、人文、科技殡葬,提出了新思路。     

Physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in young seedlings of Paulownia fortunei

Paulownia fortunei has been successfully used in the phytoremediation of many Pb/Zn mine tailings. However, seed germination and young seedlings of P. fortunei rarely occurred in these mine tailings. The physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms of P. fortunei young seedling to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stress were investigated. The germinated rate, shoot length, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of young seedlings had a great reduction under Zn and Cu treatments, but had little decrease under Pb and Cd treatments. The production rate of O₂^•−, H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly increased in response to added Zn and Cu indicating great oxidative stress for young seedlings, but they had no significant change to added Pb and Cd. Young seedlings had effective detoxific mechanism to Pb and Cd, as antioxidant enzymes activities, phytochelatins (PCs-SH) and proline contents increased with increasing rates of added Pb and Cd. However, young seedlings had un-effective detoxific mechanisms to Zn and Cu stress. Results revealed the heavy metals (such as Cu) that present at low concentrations in mine tailings may be major constraint for the survival of young seedlings.     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

上海中心城区苏州河沿岸排水系统降雨径流水文水质特性研究

为了解城市合流制管道系统降雨径流的水文水质变化过程与特征,于2007年7～9月对上海中心城区合流制排水系统(CSS)4类强度降雨(小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨)的降雨量、径流量和污染浓度进行了同步连续监测与分析.结果表明,径流过程线滞后于降雨过程线约15～25 min,形态与降雨过程线相似,波动幅度低于降雨过程线.4类强度降雨的径流系数分别为：0.33、 0.62、 0.67和0.73.CSS基本存在30/30标准的降雨径流初始冲刷现象,污染物浓度过程线滞后于降雨过程线约30～40 min. 4类强度降雨径流的pH值和重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni的事件平均浓度(EMC)均符合地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水要求,COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP的EMC的变化范围分别为225.0～544.1、 31.5～98.9、 8.9～44.2和1.98～3.52 mg·L^-1,平均分别超过Ⅴ类水标准9.3、 5.6、 11.7和6.1倍,接近国外城市CSS的平均污染水平.SS与COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP在P<0.01水平上均具有一定的正相关性(R为0.359～0.736),颗粒态有机类和营养类污染物的比例平均为70.21%.     

生活污水中环境雌激素的厌氧消化行为特征及环境风险评价

为了研究生活污水中典型环境雌激素（estrogenic endocrine disruptors, EEDs）在上流式厌氧污泥床（upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB）和厌氧滤池（anaerobic filter, AF）中的行为特征和去除机制,采用固相萃取（SPE）LC/MS/MS分析方法,测定了9种EEDs的浓度和污泥吸附量,利用壬基酚当量（nonylphenol equivalent quantity, NEQ）进行了环境风险评价.结果表明,厌氧污泥对各EEDs的吸附能力与该物质的lgK_ow煤头肿映ざ认喙兀籙ASB对雌二醇（E2）和大豆苷元的去除率分别达83.2%和90.4%,AF对染料木素的去除率达81.6%; 9种EEDs在UASB和AF中的污泥水分配系数（K_p）分别为0.15～23.3和0.05～159.67;综合分析去除率和K_p值数据,揭示了生物降解是大豆苷元、染料木素、双酚A（BPA）和雌三醇（E3）的主要去除途径;出水的NEQ均小于美国EPA的壬基酚水质标准（28　μg·L^－１,小时平均浓度标准）,表明EEDs经厌氧处理后其环境风险有所降低.     

CFP(青色荧光蛋白)大肠杆菌用于表征好氧-厌氧反复耦合反应器细胞溶解特性的研究

构建了采用青色荧光蛋白(CFP)大肠杆菌快速示踪好氧-厌氧反复耦合(rCAA)反应器内溶胞特性的新方法.研究结果表明,rCAA反应器厌氧区域内的污泥上清液以及反应器后部好氧区域内的污泥上清液对大肠杆菌内CFP的释放具有明显的促进作用,说明这些区域的污泥上清液具有显著的溶菌作用.其中,厌氧区域污泥上清液对荧光细菌作用7h后的平均破碎率可以达到70%,且大肠杆菌胞内CFP的释放速度与初始荧光菌浓度以及污泥上清浓度有密切的关系.同时,研究结果进一步表明,厌氧区域污泥上清液具有的溶菌活性可能主要来自于污泥胞外的水解酶.     

海岛海域生物资源利用与海洋农牧化生产布局新发展的研究——以长山群岛为例

论文在对海岛海域适宜发展海洋农牧化生产的空间资源、环境因子和海洋生物资源进行评价的基础上,对长山群岛海洋农牧化生产的发展过程、生产特征进行了详尽的分析。尤其对贝类养殖中的扇贝生产所具有的全国意义以及不同扇贝品种的海域养殖差异等也进行了论述。论文应用主成分分析方法,对长山群岛中各主要海岛的海洋农牧化生产的综合实力水平进行了评估,并在此基础划分出北部以王家、石城,中部以广鹿、大、小长山,南部以獐子、海洋3个海洋农牧化生产海域。根据各农牧化区的海域资源、环境以及生产结构特征,对各岛提出了主要养殖品种的布局与今后发展对策。     

钻井废弃物治理技术的研究

阐述了东辛采油厂钻井废弃物来源及其处理现状,介绍了几种现有钻井废弃物处理工艺,在钻井废弃物治理技术上进行了探索与实践。     

石化生产装置微量泄漏检测方法及应用

以石化装置为例介绍了生产装置微量泄漏的含义、适用的检测仪器种类以及泄漏检测的具体做法。通过实际检测数据的分析。说明了微量泄漏检测对设备管理、工艺改造的促进作用。