Multiresidue analysis of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in duplicate-diet solid food by pressurized liquid extraction

An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73-117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that they can be used in routine analysis. In addition, a storage stability study for a common OPP, chlorpyrifos (CPF), in solid food samples was performed. The fortified (15)N-(13)C-labeled CPF was stable over 16 mo storage at -20° C in the dark. The developed analytical methods were successfully applied to 278 duplicate-diet food samples from preschool children, demonstrating that these methods are robust and suitable for routine analysis in future exposure monitoring studies.     

煤炭企业环境污染特性模糊评价模型

煤炭企业造成的环境污染是一个多方面、宽领域的问题,正确界定这些企业的环境污染等级能促进环境监管力量的有效使用,这是煤炭企业环境管理工作中的一项重要任务。从5个方面建立了相应的模糊评价模型,并对具体企业进行了实证研究。结果表明,该模型具有一定的可行性,从而为煤炭企业环境监管提供了有效的评估手段。     

Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan

Air pollution has been associated with daily mortality in numerous studies over the past decade. However most of these studies were conducted in the United States and Europe with relatively few done in Asia. In the current study, the association between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan's largest city which has a subtropical climate was undertaken, for the period 1994-1998 using a case-crossover analysis. This design is an alternative to Poisson time series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. The air pollutants examined included particulate matter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), ozone (O(3)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and carbon monoxide (CO). The largest observed effect, which was without statistical significance, was seen for NO(2) and CO levels on deaths due to respiratory diseases (ORs=1.013 and 1.014, respectively). The well established link between air pollution levels and daily mortality may not be as strong in cities in subtropical areas, although other factors such as differences in pollutant mix or the underlying health of the population may explain the lack of a strong association in this study. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.     

Biotrickling filtration of airborne styrene: A comparison of filtration media

This study compares the performances of fern and plastic chips as packing media for the biofiltration of a styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted in a plant for the manufacture of plastic door plates. Fern chips (with a specific surface area of 1090 m² m^?3) and plastic chips (with a specific surface area of 610 m² m^?3) were packed into a pilot-scale biotrickling filter with a total medium volume of 50 L for the performance test. Field waste gas with styrene concentrations in the range of 161–2390 mg Am^?3 at 28–30 °C) was introduced to the bed and a fixed empty-bed retention time (EBRT) of 21 sec, a volumetric gas flow rate of 8.57 m³ hr^?1, and superficial gas velocity of 53.6 m hr^?1 were maintained throughout the experimental period. Nutrients containing metal salts, nitrogen, phosphorus, and milk were supplemented to the filters for maintaining the microbial activities. Results reveal that the biotrickling filter developed in this study had the highest styrene monomer (SM) elimination capacities (170 g m^?3 hr^?1 for fern-chip packing and 300 g m^?3 hr^?1 for plastic-chip packing) among those cited in the literature. The plastic medium is a favorable substitute for endangered fern chips. The thermal-setting nature of plastic chips limits their recycle and reuse as raw materials, and the study provides an opportunity for the utilization of the materials.

Implications: Biotreatment of contaminants in air streams offers an inexpensive and efficient alternative to conventional technologies. Biofiltration has a great potential for the degradation of gas-borne styrene and total hydrocarbon (THC) removal efficiency of around 80%. The objective of this research was to compare the performances of fern chips and a kind of plastic chips as packing media for biofiltration of the styrene-laden waste gas stream emitted from cutting operations of stripes of premixed unsaturated polyester (UP) and styrene paste before hot-pressing operations for making plastic door plates. From a practical point of view, the plastic medium can be a good substitute medium for fern chips, which has been declared as a protected plant. This study provides an experimentally verified model for the design and operation of such biotreatment systems.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示太湖竺山湾沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布特征,本研究在太湖竺山湾设置3个断面(湖湾内,A断面;湖湾中部,B断面;开敞湖区,C断面) 10个采样点,采集沉积物柱状样,每2 cm间隔分层测定沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,以揭示其水平分布和垂向分布特征.结果表明,在空间上竺山湾表层沉积物呈现开敞湖区向湖湾富集的特征,湖湾内部碳、氮和磷含量显著高于开敞湖区(P 0. 01),其中湖湾内(A断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别为1. 53、1. 55和11. 31 mg·g~(-1),而靠近开敞湖区(C断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量仅为0. 75、0. 57和6. 70 mg·g~(-1).垂向分布特征表现为表层富集,3个断面TN、TP和TOC含量随着底泥深度的增加均呈现出下降趋势,表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别是底层的2～3、2～5和2～3倍.整体而言,竺山湾沉积物TP含量均值为0. 93 mg·g~(-1),属于重度污染,而TN平均含量为1. 11 mg·g~(-1),属于轻度污染;有机氮指数和综合污染指数显示,竺山湾北部地区污染水平为重度污染区,有机污染相对较强,TP的污染指数(STP)处于1. 03～3. 87之间,属于重度污染.     

蓝藻腐解对水中营养盐影响的模拟研究

为研究不同密度藻类腐解过程对水体营养盐再分配的影响,在太湖藻类聚集区采集沉积物柱状样进行室内加藻模拟实验,共设置B、C、D 3组加藻密度分别为2500、7500和15000 g·m-2的处理组,监测蓝藻腐解过程中上覆水体的溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)等理化指标的变化情况.结果表明,蓝藻腐解会使水体DO和Eh迅速下降,最终分别维持在0.1 mg·L~(-1)左右和-300~-400 mV之间,水体处于厌氧强还原状态;同时,厌氧强还原条件又加速了蓝藻死亡腐解过程,促进了藻体营养盐向上覆水的扩散,B、C、D组营养盐含量分别于实验第6、第10和第14 d达到峰值,TN平均增长速率分别为26.67、43.41和67.82 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),TP平均增长速率分别为3.30、5.53和8.35 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),NH_4~+-N浓度最大值分别为对照组的7、51、125倍,水体形成明显的氮磷污染负荷,且蓝藻衰亡导致的上覆水TN浓度升高持续时间较TP浓度升高持续时间要长.研究表明,蓝藻水华腐解过程中向上覆水体释放了大量的有机物和可溶性营养盐,降低了水体透明度,加剧了水体富营养化状况,诱发湖泛发生,也为蓝藻水华再次爆发提供了物质基础.     

普光气田环境空气植物监测体系的初步构想

在简要回顾国内外有关植物监测大气污染研究的基础上,针对普光气田主要大气污染因子与环境监测现状,从监测植物筛选、监测点位选取、监测体系标准化、"植物-大气-土壤"综合评价系统以及应急监测机制等五个方面,讨论了构建该地区环境空气植物监测体系的基本想法和建议,并进行了展望,供项目建设决策参考。     

河南省服务业发展的主要问题与对策研究

通过分析河南省近年来服务业发展状况的统计数据,在开展调查研究的基础上,全面分析了河南省服务业在发展过程中存在的主要问题.针对这些问题,结合河南省服务业的实际发展状况和自身特点,从政府引导、结构优化、重点建设、人才培养、集聚区建设五个方面提出了相关对策建议.     

煤矸石的危害性与资源化利用技术研究

煤矸石是煤炭生产和洗煤过程中伴生的一种固体废弃物,废弃的煤矸石污染水体、空气和土壤,甚至破坏生态环境.煤矸石又是一种可以开发利用的再生资源,其矿物特性和理化性能决定综合利用途径,对煤矸石的组分和性质进行分析、评价,有利于选择最佳资源化方向.     

流动电位法测定滤料表面的Zeta电位

滤料表面的ζ电位是评价滤料颗粒表面性质的重要指标之一,研究滤料表面的ζ电位对于提高过滤效率以及开发改性滤料是十分重要的.根据流动电位与ζ电位的关系自制了一套测定ζ电位的装置,经测定计算出了4种常用水处理滤料表面的ζ电位,结果表明:当滤料的粒径范围在0.45～0.9mm之间时,使用该装置测得的磁铁矿、无烟煤、核桃壳和陶粒表面ζ电位分别为-27.64mV、-6.54mV、-5.87mV、-2.30mV.电子能谱和红外光谱分析结果证明磁铁矿、无烟煤、核桃壳和陶粒滤料表面ζ电位的差异主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.